Analysis of Human Resource Responsibilities

analysis of Human choice ResponsibilitiesINTRODUCTIONThe title of the project is Analysis of HR practices followed by ONGC with reference to TRAINING, PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL and run through-HR MODULE . The internship encompasses go breaking the unmatched HR practices employed by the organisation in PSU to enrich and acquire the culture of integrity, belongingness, team utilisation, accountability and intent, and enhance employee competencies continuously.The purpose of this project to be attached is to understand the practical working and in effect(p)ness of the core HR responsibilities with fussy concentration onTrainingPerformance Appraisal vingt-et-un-HR ModuleThe image of this study is to comprehend and adopt the practical working environment of an organisation. Here, a link has to be formed among the academic study and the true in-world implementations of the knowledge.Its grave to realize the effect of proper didactics on employees, transp atomic number 18ncy i n the judgment process and up to date technological actualize in the HR stream.For the above study, data is collected from respective(a) particular as sound as unessential sources. Basic and general cultivation is gathered from the library which comprises of various HR journals and magazines (names atomic number 18 menti angiotensin converting enzymed in references). Interviews be taken of the employees and questionnaires ar prepared and surveys are do. Various inputs are addd by the Company Guide during formal and informal knock againstings.Overview of TRAININGTraining employees do have a signifi mintt role in modern channel era. As an HR manager, the responsibility is to utilize the HR resources optim altogethery and puzzle the skills of the employees so that they can contribute to the growth of the organization as well as to their individualized growth. It leads to changed organization culture. Therefore, its important to understandWhat variant kinds of cookery s / workshops are conducted by the organization?What are the criteria of nominations? How nominations are d genius?How some cookery sessions have to be conducted in a year? (Training Calendar)What the employees approximate ab off the homework sessions?Training bearing tell the trainee that what is expected out of him at the end of the educate program. Training headings are of great conditional relation from a number of stakeholder perspectives,TrainerTraineeDesignerEvaluatorTrainer -The instruct objective is too near to trainer because it helps the trainer to broadsheet the elevate of trainees and make the required adjustments. Also, trainer comes in a position to build up a relationship among objectives and particular segments of dressing.Trainee -The dressing objective is beneficial to the trainee because it helps in reducing the anxiety of the trainee up to some invest. Not cognize anything or going to a place which is unknown creates anxiety that can negative ly affect learning. Therefore, it is important to keep the participants aware of the happenings, rather than guardianship it surprise. Secondly, it helps in affix in concentration, which is the crucial factor to make the develop successful.The objectives create an image of the train program in trainees mind that actually helps in gaining attention.Thirdly, if the goal is set to be challenging and motivating, then the likelihood of achieving those goals is oftentimes higher than the situation in which no goal is set. Therefore,training objectiveshelps in increase the probability that the participants will be successful in training.Designer -The training objective is beneficial to the training designer because if the designer is aware what is to be maked in the end then hell buy the training big m unrivalledy according to that only. The training designer would then look for the training methods, training equipments, and training content accordingly to earn those objectives. Fur thermore, planning always helps in dealing impellingly in an unthought situation. Consider an example the objective of one training program is to deal effectively with customers to increase the sales. Since the objective is known, the designer will designthat will include ways to improve the interpersonal skills, much(prenominal) as verbal and non verbal language, dealing in unexpected situation i.e. when there is a defect in a crossway or when a customer is angry.Therefore, without any guidance, the training may not be designed appropriately.Evaluator -It becomes easy for thetraining evaluatorto mea authoritative the progress of the trainees because the objectives make up ones mind the expected carrying out of trainees. Training objective is an important to tool to strain the surgical operation of participants.Systematic model training consists of five signifiers. The training should achieve the purpose of helping employee to perform their work to required standards. The steps are as followsAnalyze and identify the training take nominates i.e. to analyze the department, job, employees requirement, who needs training, what do they need to learn, estimating training cost, and so forthThe next step is to develop a mathematical operation measure on the basis of which actual performance would be evaluated.Design and provide training to meet identified needs. This step requires developing objectives of training, identifying the learning steps, sequencing and structuring the contents.Develop, this phase requires listing the activities in thetraining programthat will assist the participants to learn, selecting delivery method, examining the training material, validate information to be imparted to make sure it accomplishes all the goals objectives.Implementing is the hardest part of the agreement because one wrong step can lead to the failure of full training program.Evaluating apiece phase so as to make sure it has achieved its aim in terms of subs equent work performance. Making needed amendments to any of the previous stage in order to remedy or improve failure practices.Overview of PERFORMANCE APPRAISALA very important function of the human resources department for any organization, are conducted to gauge the plunder worth of all its employees. Appraisal methods benefit the organization immensely. The aim of judgements is to improve the dumbfound performance of the employees and draw on the future latent. The HR department undertakes this processes usually annually in which they procure, analyze and document facts about the performances of the employees of the organization. This provides employees and managers with opport social unities to argue areas in which employees excel and those in which employees need improvement. Performance appraisal in ONGC is conducted annually also known as E- equating. All organizations practice performance appraisal in one form or another to achieve certain objectives. These objectives may vary from organization to organization or direct(p) inwardly the same organization from time to time. It has been found that there are two primary objectives behind the use of this methodology. One is to use it as an military rating system and second, to use it as a feedback system.The aim of the military rating system is to identify the performance gap. This means that it helps determine the gap between the actual performance of the employee and that required or desired by the organization.The aim of the feedback system is to inform the employee about the quality of his work or performance. This is an interactional process by which the employee can also speak about his problems to his superior.An effective performance appraisal system should emphasis singular objectives, organizational objectives and also mutual objectives. From the viewpoint of individual objective the performance appraisal should verbalize aboutWhat task the individual is expected to do?How well the in dividual has done the task?How can his performance be further meliorate?His reward for doing well.From the organizational view point a performance appraisal should generate manpower information, improve efficiency and posture serve as a utensil of control and provide a rational stipend structure. In short the appraisal system establishes and upholds the principle of accountability in the absence of which organization failure is the only viable outcome.Overview of blackjack-HR ModuleSYSTEMS, APPLICATIONS AND PRODUCTS IN DATA PROCESSING- SAP. It is an enterprise resources planning Software Company found in Germany.It integrates all the functional units of an organization into a unified one.It deals with various activities done in the human resource department of an organization, such as, forcefulness administration, military force maturation, training and event management, fixroll etc.SAP- HR Module distinguishes between task, job, position, and person. It provides access t o all HR data and transactions in one location. Advanced SAP HR features are time management, paysheet, travel management, training and development.Advantages of implementing SAP HR Module Saves time and money, and improves information for decision fashioning and Planning.Greater automation ensures greater accuracy.Improved reporting capability.Improved employee report data.Better budgeting, compensation adjustment.MAIN TEXTThe information extracted from the primary and secondary sources of data pertaining to training, appraisal, and SAP HR mental faculty are as at a lower placeTRAININGONGC accords top- more or less priority in the development of Human Resource by means of with(predicate) quality training, qualification up gradation programs and accreditation programs. ONGC also has the expertness to conduct customized training programs for its partners. In ONGC, there are following training institutes which are engaged in meeting, training and development needs of the abu ndant human resource of the organization by designing and organizing training programs centre on organizational needs.ONGC has five training institutes of its own all across the country, viz.ONGC honorary society, DehradunInstitute of Petroleum Safety Health and Environment oversight, Goa shallow of Maintenance Practices, VadodaraInstitute of Drilling Technology, DehradunInstitute of Oil and gasolene output signal Technology, MumbaiThe training Institutes of ONGC are committed to Impart best in family training programs across the entire industry.Continuously evolve training programs ground on feedback from the participants.Provide training replys to the corporation and partners, both from Indian and foreign, act entire spectrum of operations.Providing best in class infrastructural facilities for the training programs.Focusing training programs on the emerging business opportunities of the corporation.ONGC measures its training in MANDAYS i.e.01 man * 3days of training = 3 MANDAYS10 men * 3 days of training = 30 MANDAYSMinimum target of 1400 MANDAYS are set per year.Training provided by ONGC is mostly divided into Three categoriesSafetyTechnical Interpersonal skillsDuring the internship study of various trainings programs are done in order to understand the objectives and deliverables.1. SMP (Senior Management architectural planme) course of instruction overview objectivesSince ONGC is extending its operations to various parts of the world, it is imperative that ONGC executives are exposed to international perspective and develop a mindset of globose managers. Keeping this in view a comprehensive program has been special(a)ly designed for E-5 level Executives of ONGC. The program aims atUnderstanding global perspective and developing a mindset of managing at international level.Build Customer Centric bend CultureInculcating a mindset of Transformational leadershipEvolving a culture of innovation and creativityONGC Academy is in collaboration w ith MDI , Gurgaon for SMP2. AMP (Advanced Management courseme)Program overview objectivesDesigned for sr. executives of ONGC to achieve the following objectivesDevelop awareness and time lag of the emerging business environment and its implications for the future of ONGC table service the participants to recognize the necessary mindset to make ONGC, a world-class organizationDevelop insights into the organizational processes that drive excellenceExpose the participants to the best in business practices.ONGC Academy is in collaboration with IIM, lucknow .ONGC also provides Overseas Learning Sessions which includes visit to EP Industries and Executives meet in European / Western countries for exposure to best in logical argument Class Practices. E6and above level executives are eligible for AMP.For choosing the candidates for training / workshop sessions, nominations are done. Circulars are rotated to the Head of each department and they cheer the names of those employees which they think are appropriate to undergo the training. The institute plans and conducts training programs professional areas which involve holistic onset of management in effective accomplishment of various integrated tasks.3. Executive Excellence through SMET, HOLSYM and Yoga TechniquesProgram objectives and OverviewThe multi- dimensional etiological factors for punctuate need a multidimensional solution at physical, mental, emotional and intellectual levels. Yoga provides this holistic solution. Self Management of exuberant Tensions is the canonic concept for designing this program for executives.The program aims atHelp participants understand the nature and sources of stress in individuals and in organisations, and enable them to understand the relationship of Stress to Managerial Effectiveness.Familiarise the participants with the techniques dealing with individual stress and Organisational stress and give them an opportunity to practice some techniques of Stress Management.It s a 5- days program conducted in Swami Vivekananda Yoga Anusandhana Samsthana , Bengaluru.4. Global ManagersProgram objectives and OverviewTodays business environment has created many challenges where managers need to think globally as the world is transforming into a Global Village. The program is designedTo provide professionals with a proactive approach to deal with cultural diversity in todays multi- cultural environment.To understand the national Business ethics, values and practices and as well as best global practices.To prepare the participants for the challenges ahead in the highly competitive global environment.ONGC is in collaboration with IIM, Bengaluru for this 5- days progam.5. Self Development Program for Women EmployeesProgram objectives and OverviewThe effectiveness of women employees depends upon the ability to manage multiple roles. The program has been especially designed to stress on the demands of these multiple roles and skills set required for effective per formance. The program caters to up needs of women professions facing the challenges of work family balance.The objectives of the program areTo develop basic values of life to make them effective at home and work place.To be able to identify individual goals and align those with organization goals.To increase personal motivation to do the best possible in the most effective way.To appraise the participants on various issues involved in personal growth and effectiveness.To increase personal motivation to do best possible in the most effective way.To make participants aware of their strength and areas of potential development6. Train- The- Trainer CourseProgram objectives and OverviewThe program focuses on the full-grown Learning Process, is built around the Three Wheels of Mastery Expertise, Planning and Presenting, attractive and Facilitating, which are essential for Internal Faculty members/ Black Belts for motivating others to impose Six Sigma on the job and for enhancing and ac celerating their learning process.ONGC provides many discipline specialised programs for is employees.Some Exploration ProgramsPetroleum Risk and Decision Analysis in style(p) trends and Development in Estimation of Oil and Gas Reserves store on Basin military array and ModellingTechniques in Deep body of water Depositional SystemsSome Production ProgramsDevelopments in Stimulation techniques and Candidate Well plectronAdvances in Water Control TechnologyAdvances in Natural Gas designReservoir Engineering for Production OperationsSome Engineering ProgramsWelding and InspectionCAD for Mechanical and Process enteristics Management flow Measurement and Instrumental PracticePERFORMANCE APPRAISALPerformance appraisal report is an index of an employees work performance over a given(p) period of time. It is crucial for his or her condole wither growth as it indicates the strengths, weaknesses, training needs, nature of job being performed and problems faced in work situation.The objectives of the performance appraisal system at ONGC areTo set norms and targets of work performance, as well as, to monitor the work progress of employees.To facilitate placement of employees in accordance with their suitability for different types of assignments.To provide an objective basis for ratiocination of merit, efficiency and suitability for the purpose of promotion.To identify areas requiring exposure for training and development.The performance appraisal system seeks to evaluateThe work performance of an employee on the present job in relation to the expected levels of performance, both qualitative and quantitative.The extent of development achieved by the employee during the period under inspection.Evaluation of behavioural attributes, attitudes and abilities.Evaluation of potentials for assuming higher responsibility.Appraisal is done in three stages. First, KPIs/ KRAs are to be declared in March(beginning of appraisal year) then midterm evaluation is done which is compulsory in October and finally in March evaluation on performance of the employees is done. Employees get certain percentage of PAT based on their grades or marks of the appraisal.Earlier Appraisal was done on paper. Forms were distributed to the employees wherein they used to fill in the KPIs and then submit it. This system account delay in written text appraisal reports. Low priority is accorded to destroying appraisal reports as there was no visible accountability for delays. unretentive time and attention was given to the process and last minute bloom efforts were experienced. But now ONGC follows e- comparability which has distinct advantagesStreamlining of rack up processUniform application of Company PolicyReduced Cycle- time and adherence to time schedules intensify data security and confidentialityAuthenticity and audit trail of transactions availability of on-line informationSystem driven control and monitoring mechanismPerformance based rewards and incentives for futureThe appraisal process constitute of one appraise and appraiser. Appraisee is the employee who fills the hit form and submits it. Appraiser influences the KRAs/ KPIs with the employee then mid- term review is done. This is the duty of Reporting Officer. Then it is forwarded to the Reviewing Officer, who reviews it and then forward for co- review (in special crusades) otherwise directly to the Moderating Officer. He sends it to Accepting Officer who accepts and forward it to central compare Section in Dehradun. (Refer Annexure 2)Circular of Roll out of e- PARIt suggested KPIs is issued first wherein dates are declared for joint background knowledge of KPIs by Appraisee Appraiser. Commitment is made by the HRD group that a suggested list of KPIs relevant to different functional areas would be made available accordingly. HRD constituted a multidisciplinary committee comprising HR planners, corporate HRG and corporate PAR. This committee held detailed deliberations and cons ulted senior executives of different functional areas across the organization and come out with an thoroughgoing list of suggested KPIs. All Assessors and assesses may use the table during the process of setting KPIs.PAR DISCLOSURE, APPEAL AND COUNSELLING(A).Disclosure of PARThe following information on PAR assessment would be shared with the employee on completion of PARFinal grades and marks given by the accepting Officer.Adverse comments (if any) particular(prenominal) advice to be communicated for improvement (if any)Communication The communication should be indoors 15 days of completion of PAR and in the form of system generated marrow in case of e-PAR.(B). Appeal and Review Appeal may be preferred by aggrieved employees against assessed PARs as well as having adverse remarks/entry.Aggrieved employee may appeal once per assessment year directly to the appellant pledge, through local PAR world powerr, instead of submitting through proper channel. The local PAR officer sha ll keep record and forward the same to concerned appellant billet, with intimation to incorporate PAR office.appellant Authority (AA) The designated Appellate Authority based on the reporting hierarchy have been defined in Annexure 3 and 4.While the hierarchy in the route has been defined in the table, Appellate authority must be minimum one rank higher than the Accepting Authority in any case. Each Appellate Authority shall constitute Appeal Review Committee (ARC) under him/ her comprising of lesson of functional areas, with 3 members in each committee. In case Appellate Authority is at the level of GM or L- II, the members should not be below the level of E6 and for all other Appellate Authorities, members should not be below the level of E7. The meeting of the ARC shall be convened by each Appellate Authority once in a year instead in the month of September/October, as the closing month of PAR process is generally August. The ARC may seek PAR record from respective location PAR Officer/ Corporate Officer, as the case may be. The Committee may also obtain views/ tributes of the concerned authorities involve in the assessment of the PAR, for which appeal is preferred, if needed. Based on the recommendation of the respective ARC, the Appellate Authority shall finally decide on appeal. In case of Appellate Authority comprises of two directors, they may jointly decide on the appeal. If Appellate Authority considers and find reasonable grounds for alteration of PAR grade on appeal made by aggrieved employee, such revision shall only be one step higher or lower to that of original grades for all categories. Any revision beyond one level or below will be decided by one level higher than the appellate authority, highest appellate authority being EC. For this proper justification /recommendation have to be given by the Appellate Authority. The decision of the Appellate Authority shall be conveyed to the Corporate PAR office / location PAR office, as the case m ay be, who in turn shall communicate to the employee in the Performa at Annexure5.The decision of the Appellate Authority shall be binding forever. No further appeal shall be entertained for the same assessment year. Each Appellate Authority shall forward a status report on the disposal of Appeal to the Corporate PAR office for onward submission to the Director (HR).(C). CounsellingIt has been decided in the 353rd EC Meeting to provide counselling to the employees with B, C, D grades and those cases having recommendations for counselling in the PAR.Scope of Counselling stemThe Counselling may be proceed as an integral part of PAR process for widening employees development opportunities. The Counselling Group shall not review the final grading of the appraisee, appoint to him/ her by Accepting/ Moderation Authority. The Counsellors during the interviews of the employee shall ascertain the reasons, system constraints and the behavioural dimensions of the employees and efforts shall be made to develop self awareness for correcting personality traits. The Counselling Group shall send a report on each case to the office of Chief HRD. The Counselling Groups are to be assisted by the Corporate PAR officer at the counselling locations. The formation of Counselling Committees is render in Annexure 6.SAP- HR MODULEScope of SAP- HR Module1) personnel office Administration Module (Including Establishment and Loans)Personnel Administration Module takes care of employee master data. Various PA processes have been built in this module. This module includes the loans and advances processes also.2)Time Management ModuleTime Management Module takes care of Employees Leaves etc link to processes. The Time Management component offers support in performing all human resources processes involving the planning, recording, and valuation of employees work performed and absence times.3) PayrollPayroll module takes care of personnel claims, month end paysheet run and pay slip ge neration. Form 16, Form 24 and all statutory statements related to personal income tax is also taken care by the paysheet module. The System calculates the gross and net pay, which comprises the individual payments and deductions that are calculated during a payroll period, and are received by an employee. These payments and deductions are included in the calculation of the remuneration using different wage types.4) Organisation Management ModuleThis module defines Organisational Hierarchy, positions, Head of sections etc and also deals with assigning employees to various departments / sections etc through proper positions.5) SAMPARC(ESS MODULE)SAMPARC stands for (System for Automated Management of Personnel Activities, Reimbursements and Claims) the employee self service access of ONGC. Using ESS reports an employee can view his career details, leave details, training employment details etc using an ESS User Id. He can also frame a mail to his personnel decision maker if he de tects any geological fault in data recorded in the system.Getting started with SAPOn your PC, find the SAP Logon pad icon. The icon style varies deepening on the SAP version installed in your PC.To cave in Logon WindowDouble break down on the Toolbar SAP Logon on above privateness.Following Logon window shall commit on your screenThis window lists all available servers to which you can Login with your exploiter ID. Double click on the desired server name or click on the line and then click on Log On.After a brief delay, following window shall open on your screen To open the SAP Easy Access window inclose your client number (It will always show 500 by default). cypher your SAP User ID.Enter your SAP User Password. cheer remember that the Password is case sensitive.Press Enter on your Keyboard.SAP Easy AccessWindow ElementsThe SAP Easy Access user menu is the user-specific point of entry into the SAP System. A typical user menu (here, in the R/3 System) is shown below The use r menu contains those items such as transactions ,workflows, reports etc. you need to perform your daily tasks. If your system administrator has defined a user menu, it appears when you log on to the system.Various elements of the SAP Easy Access Window are shown above.Navigating in the SAP ScreenYou can expand and collapse menus in the workplace menu by choosing the dropdown arrows to the left of the menu items, as in the example below To open an application in the workplace menu Type the transaction write in code in the command box / vault of heaven and then press Enter, orNavigate to the transaction node in the tree and Double-click its node in the tree, or firedog on node and then press EnterCompany CodeThe company code is an organizational unit within financial write up (FI).Personnel AreaThis field defines the location of the employee, e.g., ABAD (Ahmedabad), BRDA (Baroda), etc.Personnel Sub-areaThis field defines the duty assigned to the employee, e.g., OFDT (Office Duty ), FLDT (Field Duty), OSDT (Offshore Duty), etc.Employee GroupThis field defines the employment status of the employee, e.g., Active, Retiree, Deputation-in etc.Employee SubgroupThis field defines the Grade of the employee, e.g., E1, E2, E3, etc.Personnel NumberThis field defines the CPF Number of the employee.Pay roll AreaA payroll accounting area (often abbreviated to payroll area) is an organizational unit containing all of the employees for whom the payroll runs at the same time. The payroll accounting runs for payroll accounting areas. Each payroll accounting area determines the specific dates for which the payroll runs, the earliest payroll period for which retroactive accounting is possible, retroactive accounting recognition, and the periods for which the payroll runs.Organization UnitThis field defines the Department / Section within the Organizational structure in which the employee is working, e.g., ICE, IRS, Drilling, etc.PositionThis field defines the post, which the em ployee is occupying within the organizational structure, e.g., Manager PA, Location Manager AMD Cementing, etc.Infotype In SAP information is stored in info types. An Infotype can have further subtypes. Click here to view the list of Infotype being used in ONGC.Sr No.Transaction CodesTransaction Description1SBWPMail Inbox2PA20Display HR Master Data3PA30Maintain HR Master Data4PA40Personnel Actions5ZPT60HR time Time Evaluation6PP01Maintain Object

Social Networking Relationships

hearty Networking apprisalshipsSocial Networking Relation1.0 IntroductionSocial networking is really recommendation betwixt concourse roughly the things that they argon interested in and they resembling this has stimulated tribes attention in terms of the importance of public relation. The people who be going on these spots didnt necessity to be m unitytised, they didnt want to be advertised to, so again editorial converse is so powerful, they would so unityr be communities that tidy sum flip views that be untarnished. Sir Martin SorrellSocial media is a global phenomenon in which old demographics no longer apply. Conversations happen at the click of a button. New communities atomic number 18 born every day and tarnishs extremity to be involved in the first instance to listen, and consequently to move. Social media is booming.Every day current statistics, white papers and articles enlistment up discussing its continued growth. In lookent market analyst Datamo nitor (2008) has revealed how quickly the number of people participating in online neighborly networking is growing the United realm currently leads Europe, in terms of membership, and is expected to reach 27 million accustomrs a collarfold increase on todays figures by 2012 (www. entropymonitor.com).Social networking sites atomic number 18 the frankness television of the Internet, said Jon Gibs (Senior Director of Media, Nielsen//NetRatings). The content is relatively inexpensive for publishers to produce, and amicable networking is not a fad that will disappear. If anything, it will become more(prenominal)(prenominal) ingrained in mainstream sites, just as reality TV programme has become ubiquitous in network programming, Gibs continued (www.acnielsen.com). However, again same(p) reality programming, the concept of reality alone, or in this font hearty networking, is not enough. In this competitive marketplace, sites also lease to provide consumers with pellucid content they washbowl identify with.A new slew reveals that almost 50 percent of attorneys ar members of online amicable networks and everyplace 40 percent of attorneys believe professional networking has the emf to change the business and practice of truth over the next five years. Online professional networking is a growing rural ara of importance in the legal indus chastise, said Ralph Calistri, Chief Executive officer of Martindale Hubbell and senior vice president of Global Client Development at LexisNexis. As we develop a global network for the legal corporation finished Martindale-Hubbell, objective inquiry such(prenominal)(prenominal) as this analyze by Leader Networks serves as an important way for us to listen to clients and conduct our efforts.Table United States Top 10 Social Networking Sites (March 2008) root AC NielsenThe Internet has broadened the area of treatment of m let offh runs from inter ad hominem communication among acquaintances to onli ne communication to general public (e.g. posting reviews). Harrison-Walker (2001) define enunciate of express as in trackal person-to-person communication among a perceived non-commercial communicator and a receiver regarding a brand, a product, an organization, or a service. Marketing practitioners try to encour eon such in reverberateal communication in a substantiating manner, and several approaches such as viral market (Wilson 2000) and bombilate marketing (Rosen 2000) pose been developed.Facebook was created in February 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg, a student at Harvard University. According to Zuckerberg, The idea for the website was motivated by a hearty need at Harvard to be able to identify people in former(a) residential houses (Moyle, 2004). Today Facebook has more than 7.5 million registered members at over 2,000 U.S. colleges and is the s yetth-most-popular site on the entire Web with respect to tally page views (Cassidy, 2006).Social networking sites are online s paces that bequeath individuals to present themselves, articulate their cordial networks, and establish or maintain connections with opposites. These sites bunghole be oriented towards work-related contexts (e.g. LinkedIn.com), romantic human affinity initiation, or connecting those with shared interests such as music or politics (e.g. MySpace.com). Users may use the sites communication tools to interact with those they know from offline contexts, such as school, or they may use the sites to meet new people.The way in which these sites allow for new connections to be made surrounded by individuals has resulted in proposed legislation which would debar libraries and schools to block bush league memory access to mixer networking sites such as MySpace and Facebook (McCullagh, 2006). MySpace in particular has generated public concern due to its large member sottish 78 million registered banknotes according to one source (Wright, 2006) many of whom are teenagers.There is little academic work examining online affectionate networks. A 2005 survey of academic conjunction members found that 90% of the undergraduates participated in a favorable network community, primarily Facebook, MySpace, and Friendster, and that many of them tell individualized information such as email address (Stutzman, 2006). In her ethnographic work examining self- innovation and accessible connections among Friendster users, boyd (2004) notes that users stick out a variety of motivations for employ the site, including connecting with old friends, meeting new acquaintances, dating, and furthering professional networks.In one of the few segments to examine this new underwrite of online fora, Donath and boyd (2004) point out that one of the chief hallmarks of these sites is that links between individuals are mutual, public, unnuanced and decontextualized. In the sites that Donath and boyd examine, public displays of connections serve to warrant, or signal the reliability of, ones identity claims. Social networking sites are distinguished from the first quaver of virtual community sites in that they allow for both maintenance of sprightly social ties and formation of new connections.A hallmark of the archeozoic look for on computer-mediated communication and virtual communities in particular is the assumption that individuals using these systems would be connecting with those outside their pre-existing social group or location, liberating individuals to form communities around shared interests, as opposed to shared geography (Wellman et al., 1996).However, whatsoever online community look intoers surrender seekd how online communities present opportunities for people in a communal offline community to extend their fundamental interaction. Such a theme is articulated by Wellman et al. (1996), who note that Although CSSNs computer withstanded social networks do transcend time and space, not all ties are either totally on-line or off-line. mu ch(prenominal) on-line contact is between people who see each other(a) in person and live locally (p.222).1.1 Research QuestionThis interrogation studies the importance of social networking sites and aims to identify how motivations for using social networking sites bewitch the percentage point of interaction and the generation of pipeline. Next, in order to study use patterns of social networking sites between users in United Kingdom and to explore the alliance between the peak of interaction and the generation of word-of-mouth, the undermentioned questions are generated.Why / how oftentimes do people use social networking sites?Are social networking sites users generating word-of-mouth? If so, what makes users generate word-of-mouth?Do the motivations of using social networking sites influence on the tip of interaction or on the generation of word-of-mouth?H1 Exploring the relationship between the purpose of using social networking sites and the degree of users interact ionH2 Exploring the relationship between the purpose of using social networking sites and the generation of word-of-mouthH3 Exploring the relationship between the degree of users interaction and the generation of word-of-mouth in social networking sitesMain Research Question How effective are motivations for using social networking sites influencing degree of interaction and word of mouth in United Kingdom?At the same time, the growing importance of word-of-mouth on social networking sites is understood and discussed by both marketing practitioners and academics, and online word-of-mouth communication is considered as a new marketing tool (Kozinets, 1999 Croteau, 2006 Peattie, 2007 McKinsey Quarterly, 2007).Due to the similar characteristics between social networking sites and word-of-mouth communication, namely, relationship and interaction among people, a number of queryers tried to find out out the connection between online communities and word-of-mouth, past, came up with various slipway to measure word-of-mouth in the virtual world (Kozinets, 2002 Godes et al, 2005 Dwyer, 2007).In addition, by and by their introduction, social networking sites brought in a new organisational framework for online communities. According to Boyd and Ellison (2008), early online communities were constructed as communities of interest, but social networking sites these days are constructed as personal. In other words, social networking sites are centred around people quite an than topics or topical hierarchies.2.0 Literature Review2.1 General OverviewThe study of personal influence and the idea that there are certain people who are especially influential over others has fascinated researchers, practitioners, and the general public for more than 60 years. Variously named in academic and popular circles, these people drop been called opinion leaders (Katz Lazarsfeld, 1955), early adopters (Rogers, 1962/2003), influential (Weimann, 1994), and Influential Ameri usher ou ts (Keller Berry, 2003), while the regale of personal influence has been linked to, or synonymous with, various phenomena such as compliance gaining (strategic attempts to research compliance from others in interpersonal settings Wilson, 2002), the beaming of innovations (how ideas spread in a culture Rogers, 1962/2003), go (contagious word-of-mouth remark or so(predicate) products, services, brands, and ideas Walker, 2004), and tipping points (the point at which an idea, behavior, or product tips, crossing a threshold from macrocosm a minor phenomenon to a wild plaguey Gladwell, 2000).Numerous organizations, for-profit and not-for-profit, in an assortment of industries (consumer products, fashion, health care, law, higher education, etc.) have judge to capitalize on a renewed awareness and interest in the influential role that informal conversation and relational networks play internally to an organization (e.g., in terms of sharing knowledge within and crosswise orga nizational units Cross Parker, 2004 May Zorn, 2002) and especially to external audiences (e.g., in the case of viral and buzz marketing).Thus, although the power of stimulating word-of-mouth and relational networks has been cognize for some time (Arndt, 1967 Whyte, 1954), a more recent phenomenon is when certain firms seek to consciously engineer buzz in relational networks (Balter Butman, 2005 Dye, 2000 Godin, 2001 Oz plenty, 2004 Rosen, 2000Walker, 2004).For example, some firms (such as Big Fat Inc.) pay people to go out and gurgle up a brand, either in face-toface or online settings, where the fact that they are employed by a marketing agency is not disclosed (a form of undercover marketing). Other firms (such as BzzAgent, Inc.) actively recruit volunteers who volitionally participate in a campaign by going out and buzzing the product or service (oftentimes in trade for points that cigarette be redeemed for prizes or the knowledge that they are the first among their peers to have access to a new product) and then report back to the buzz marketing phoner their own and others feedback about the product (the company then compiles and analyzes these various reports from the field and presents them to the client). Still others (e.g., Proctor Gambles thrill program) form an extensive network of carefully selected teenagers to create buzz among peers for their clients brands and products (Wells, 2004).These obvious kinds of organizational marketing practices have raised a number of ethical concerns, some more than others. In addition to whether or not the institutional identity of the agent is disclosed, whether or not the person buzzing the brand is doing so for some form of compensation, and whether or not agents involve minors younger than age 13 (Wells, 2004), a significant concern is that through buzz marketing venders are better able to infiltrate day-by-day conversations and relationships (Walker, 2004), which might be regarded as further ins tantiation of incorporate colonization of the lifeworld (Deetz, 1992).With handed-down forms of marketing and advertize efforts, consumer audiences can tune out or turn off the advertising. However, what happens when the marketing is your friend or family member, in online and offline conversations? Is society more and more falling prey to the commercialization of chit- chaffer?(Walker, 2004). Although these concerns are not new for example, marketing to known others has been well-documented and critiqued in terms of Tupperware parties (Frenzen Davis, 1990 Taylor, 1978) and multilevel marketing companies (Biggart, 1989 Carl, 2004 Fitzpatrick Reynolds, 1997)the fact that increase numbers of well-known, mainstream organizations seek to amplify buzz in social networks has elevate the concern (Vranica, 2005).2.2 Word of mouthWord-of-mouth has grown in popularity over the past several years as a marketing and research medium (BzzAgent, 2005). Marketers seeking to find new methods for reaching customers and communicating with them have wondered if word-of-mouth could provide a potential solution to the dwindling authorize of traditional marketing platforms. Since the beginning of organise marketing programs, marketers viewed word-of-mouth as an incredibly valuable, yet uncontrollable, result of effective marketing practices.Many marketers have implemented plans to fool word of mouth into occurring, seeding the marketplace with shills (paid actors talking up products and services). They found the results effective but extremely risky, since consumers didnt like being deceived. In recent years, a number of companies have formed, seeking to govern the power of authentic word of mouth (BzzAgent, 2005). By organizing real consumers, they civilise them to share their honest opinions more effectively.Defining word of mouth can be tricky, especially in light of the Internet and recent appendage of buzz marketing firms. According to Buttles (1998) review of marke ting research, Arndt (1967) discussed word of mouth as face-to-face communication about a brand, product, or service between people who are perceived as not having connections to a commercial entity. Bones (1992) definition is similar though she noted that word of mouth could be a group phenomenonAn exchange of comments, thoughts, and ideas among two or more individuals in which none of the individuals represent a marketing source (p. 579).Stern (1994) distinguished word of mouth from advertising in that word of mouth is face-to-face, interactive, ephemeral, spontaneous, and does not include such features as clever turns of phrases or jingles. Buttle (1998), however, found these definitions unsatisfactory because (a) Word of mouth can include talk about an organization (in addition to a brand, product, or service), (b) it can be electronically mediated (such as cell phone, chat rooms, e-mail, Web sites, tell-a-friend hyperlinks, etc.), and (c) more and more companies may offer incen tives or rewards for consumers to spread word of mouth or make referrals (e.g., to refer friends and family members for a companys services). Buttle concluded that currently the still distinguishing feature of word of mouth may be that word of mouth is uttered by sources that are assumed by receivers to be independent of corporate influence (p. 243).In contrast to traditional word of mouth marketing research, research on buzz marketing is still in its infancy. Verlegh, Verkerk, Tuk, and Smidts (2004) mentioned, but did not study, buzz marketers in their experimental research on whether or not monetary incentives use when stimulating customer referrals alter the meaning of the situation such that consumers would perceive the word of mouth episode to be persuasive rather than just friendly, peer advice.Thomas (2004) represented an early conceptual piece on buzz marketing where it was defined as the amplification of sign marketing efforts by third parties through their passive or ac tive influence (p. 64). An early empirical study that applied insights from existing word of mouth and social network research from a firms perspective was conducted by Godes and Mayzlin (2004).Abundant research demonstrates that word of mouth (WOM) is one of the most influential channels of communication in the marketplace. The reasons for WOMs power are evident word of mouth is seen as more credible than marketer initiated communications because it is perceived as having passed through the unbiased filter of people like me. At a time of declining trust in institutions, research shows that its influence is growing stronger. In a recent national survey (Harris Interactive, 2006a), U.S. consumers were asked which information sources they find useful when deciding which products to buy in quartet common product categories.WOM and recommendations from friends/family/people at work/school were by far the most influential sources for fast food, cold medicine, and breakfast cereal. For p ersonal computers, a highly technical category, we saw a strong combine on expert advice in the form of product reviews and websites, followed by WOM as the next most useful. The consumer marketplace in which any enterprise operates is a complex, dynamic system.A study found that disinterested, ill-prepared and unwelcoming gross salespeople lead to more missed business and hazardous word-of-mouth than any other management dispute in retailing. There are a variety of different triggers for having a bad shopping experience, including things like parking or how well the descent is organized. Some of those things retailers can do something about and some of them they cant. But frankly, a very important part of the retail experience is the interaction with the sales associate, says Wharton marketing professor Stephen J. Hoch, director of the Baker Initiative.In a forebode survey of 1,000 shoppers who were asked about their most recent retail experience, 33% report they had been un able to find a salesperson to help them. Many of these shoppers were so annoyed by this one problem that they said they would not break to the set up. According to the Wharton analysis, sales associates who are missing in action monetary value American retailers six percent of their customers. Add to that the 25% of consumers reporting they were unheeded outright by sales associates no greeting, no smile, not crimson eye contact (Arndt, 1967 Aaker et al, 1996 Reingen and Kernan, 1986).This lack of engagement turned off three percent of customers to the point where they said they would permanently stay way from the store in which they encountered this behaviour. Hoch remains puzzled by sales associates who retreat from potential customers. You would think that if these sales associates are spending the whole day interacting with people, they would be a lot happier in their own life if they were friendly. Instead, they pull into their outwit ( embrown and Reingen, 1987).Whats wr ong with saying, Hi, how are you doing? According to Paula Courtney, president of the Verde Group, survey respondents were not thwart by sales associates who seemed overworked or outmanned by shoppers. Its the conscious ignoring that irritates them, she says. Customers would walk into a store and the store representative would see them and continue to put items on the shelf or watch the cash register or do administrative work absolutely ignoring the fact that an actual person was in the store (Cox, 1963, cited in Brown at el, 2007).In the above example, the degree of interaction was bad with consumers at a particular retail outlet. This provided bad word of mouth and hampered long term sustainability for the retailer. In other words, this forms the rally part of the dissertation that degree of interaction and word of mouth are slightly interrelated.2.3 Motives of Social networkingBritish anthropologist Robin Dunbar estimates that humans can save maintain stable relationships wit h around 150 people. That number refers to significant relationships like those in a family or tribe and other purposeful groups. and in todays over-informed digital business world, where bloated data moves at the speed of thought, its not who you know that really counts, but who knows you (Kozinets, 1999 Boyd and Ellison, 2008).Professional online social networking tools are invaluable in creating personal brand equity and raising awareness about who you are, especially beyond your 150 closest friends (BBC News, 2005). Online social networking software enables you to find quality people who may not be familiar with you, or with your organization, and creates an opportunity to connect with them and sell them on your opportunities (Boyd and Ellison, 2008). They may be unfamiliar with(predicate) with your company or business, or may not have even been looking for something.Because you already know someone who knows them, you can feel more comfortable that they are a quality prospec t or at least can do some checking around (Boyd and Ellison, 2008). Also, because of that mutual connection, you can more intimately overcome cumbersome barriers and begin a relationship with a little more trust and warmth than with a total stranger. Like Six degrees of Kevin Bacon, social networking sheds light on the contacts you never knew you had. For example, you can contact people in your network toRekindle old connectionsmaximize value in your weak connectionsBuild business relationships with clients or hiring managers picture and meet prospective job-seekersGrow a referral networkHeighten your corporate and personal brand shape new connections and grow your sphere of influenceOpen doors to future career opportunities, increased pay, or promotionsIncrease visibility, which improves influence and effectiveness internally with your organization as well as externallySocial networking also helps you find new leads for networking into companies toEducate yourself and ask questio ns about other organizationsConduct competitive intelligence on companies, industries, or individualsMake fewer cold calls and better prepare for themLeverage contacts you already haveWith the help of existing literature, Ridings and Gefen (2004) categorised four reasons to join online communities information exchange, social support exchange, friendship, and recreation. Firstly, people choose to use online communities to access and exchange information. By using online communities, people can access a huge amount of information generated by other users since online community providers offer effective systems or technologies in order to make their users easily exchange, create, request and search information (Hagel and Armstrong, 1997).The second reason why users participate in online communities is to obtain the social support. Wellman et al (1996) suggested that online communities give emotional support and sociability to their users by giving a sense of belonging. For instance, Mickelson (1997) gave examples of online communities which center on on recovering social problems such as alcohol and do drugs addicts in order to explain why the social support can be the motivation of using online communities.Thirdly, people join online communities to manage relationships. To seek friendship or to generate social capital, which can be defined as the resources gathered through the relationships among people (Coleman, 1988), online community users interact with other users with the aim of establishing and continuing relationships. For example, offline social capital can be generated by means of online tools, especially using social networking sites when people want to expound or keep up their offline relationships. Lastly, recreation is another reason why people experience online communities.In conclusion, how word-of-mouth affects consumer behaviour can be described by those three factors tie strength, homophily, and source credibility. As mentioned above, Brown et al (2007) and other researchers (Silverman, 1997 Money et al, 1998 Bansal and Voyer, 2000) explored the nature of word-of-mouth in online communities. Finally, the outline of the research above is compared by Brown et al (2007) as the following Table 1.Table 1 A Comparison between offline and online social network constructsOfflineOnlineTie StrengthDefinitionThe intensity of a social relation between pairs of individualsThe intensity of an interactive and personalised relationship between an individual and a websiteHomophilyDefinitionThe degree to which pairs of individuals are similar in terms of certain attributesThe congruence between a users psychological attributes and website contentSource CredibilityDefinitionPerceived competency of the individual source providing informationPerceived competence of the website and its membershipSource Brown et al, 2007, pp. 10 Table 1Bottom line It could be seen that different internet users have diverse motives to enter social networkin g sites. cessation of motives can enhance positive word of mouth and higher degree of interaction of a particular website. As per previous academic literature there have been negligible cases that internet users have entered social networking with out motivations. This forms the foundation of dissertation.3.0 Research Model3.1 Research approachThe research system we intend to adopt is a combination of multi-methods, of deductive, inductive and exploratory. Quantitative data will be stack away throughout the life cycle of the project, from auxiliary sources journals, databases, past dissertations, newspapers and magazine articles etc. We propose to use the following collateral databases to conduct quantitative data researchEmerald Full textEmerald ReviewsEmerald AbstractsSwet wise(p)Reuters Business InsightRegional Business NewsQuestia MediaPrimary research will be conducted, using a closed questionnaire designed to harbinger average behaviour of children in general (Saunders et al. 2003). The inductive approach takes to account interpretivism or social considerations, which enables to establish the intentions of the respondents more clearly.Saunders et al (2003) says that data collected using open-ended questions allows individuals more flexibility in answering, which may prolong a hypothesis or other wise. The limitation or disfavour of this approach is that it is subjective and can only be applied to a limited sample of instrumentalists (Saunders et el. 2003).Exploratory research will be conducted on a pilot group consisting of young internet users (mainly with Orkut profiles) within the age group 15-20 who will participate in a discussion on the following the influence of motivations for using social networking sites on degree of interaction and word of mouth in United Kingdom.3.2 Research DesignA research design is a program that guides the investigator in the make of collecting, analyzing and interpreting observations. According to Nachmias Na chmias (1987) it is logical model of proof that allows the researcher to barf inferences concerning causal relationships among the variables under investigation. Consequently, the appropriate research design will depend on the problem to be investigated (Churchill, 1991), the purpose of the research, the research questions, and the state of the knowledge existing prior to the research plan (Eisenhardt, 1989).Research methods and data collection, form an elementary part of the research design. Typically, the research methods and the data collection techniques are functions of the purpose of the research design. The purpose of the research may be organized into three groups based on what the researcher is trying to accomplish explore a new topic, describe social phenomena or explain why something occurs.The three basic types of research designs are Exploratory ( discipline Studies), Descriptive and Casual.3.2.1 Case StudyThe case study approach is the most widely used in management f raternity. A Case study is the collection and presentation of detailed information about a particular participant or small group, frequently including the accounts of subjects themselves. Its a form of qualitative descriptive research and it deals intensely at an individual or small participant pool, drawing conclusions only about that participant or group and only in that specific context.This research design is not used to point on topics such as discovery of a universal, general

Death Of The Author English Literature Essay

Death Of The Author English Literature try outThe word Author is broadly defined by the OED as, the person who originates or gives existence to anything, tho does this mean that a schoolbook is produced solely by a single author? It is go off that the author of a textbookual matter will discombobulate a defined head of what they would like their text to achieve, but can we be sure that an author is capable of producing a text that is uninfluenced by external sources? In this quiz I will examine the mean of a text and distinguish whether it is produced solely by its author or if it is a complex quislingism of the author, text and the referees own subconscious understanding.New Criticism argued that authorial intent was remote to understanding a wear round of literature. In their essay The Intentional F eitheracy, W.K. Wimsatt and Monroe Beardsley wrote that the endeavor or intention of the author is neither available nor desirable as a standard for judging the success of a work of literary art1. They argued that an author could non be reconstructed from a piece of writing and that the only source of nub came from the text itself, with any exposit of the authors desires or life being purely extraneous.Critics such as Roland Barthes and Michel Foucault have scrutinized the role of authorship to the substance and interpretation of a text. In Barthes essay Death of the Author, he criticizes the method of reading and criticism that relies on aspects of the authors identity to distil meat from the authors work. This death is directed at the author expressing an midland vision, non at the idea of writing. He is opposing a guess of texts as expressing a distinct personality of the author and despises the idea that they consciously cause masterpieces. Barthes states the idea that the explanation and meaning of a work does not have to be sought in the unrivalled who produced it, as if it were always in the end, with the more or less transp at omic number 18nt illustration of the fiction, the voice of a single person, the author confiding in us2. The author can be disregarded when interpreting a text, because it is voice communication which speaks, not the author the words atomic number 18 rich enough themselves with all of the traditions of language. The words and language of a text itself de considerationine and expose meaning for Barthes, and not someone possessing legal responsibility for the process of its production. The author is provided a scriptor. The scriptor exists to produce but not to explain the work, the origin of meaning lies exclusively in language itself and its impressions on the lecturer. Barthes notes that the traditional critical advance to literature raises a problem of which we cannot detect precisely what the writer intended.Julia Kristeva invented the term intertextuality, suggesting that no text is free of other texts. Intertextuality leads to speculations astir(predicate) the idea of a text guaranteeing stability and identity. If a text is partly explained by a whole series of other texts, then its meaning clearly does not reside wholly inside it, but is also produced by its affinity with other texts. Every reader may have a different understanding of the meaning of a text depending on the external texts they think with it.Looking at William Shakespeares incline intertextually, Romeo and Juliet prompts literary criticism as the quicken shares a relationship with other literary texts. Romeo and Juliets plot is based nigh more than one different source, making the audience question the originality of the head for the hills itself. Shakespeare based his play on an Italian tale, translated into verse as The tragical History of Romeus and Juliet by Arthur Brooke in 1562. Romeo and Juliet is a dramatisation of Brookes translation, which Shakespeare has followed closely. We see this through Romeos dialogue as he says, Is she a Capulet? / O dear answer for my lif e is my foes debt.3Shakespeare literally mirrors the plot of Brookes tale in his own So hath he learned her name, and knowth she is no geast, / Her pose was a Capulet,4It is hard to bring that Shakespeare has ownership of this play on with the idea that this is not an original idea and the content of his play has come from influences around him.Shakespeare was also heavily influenced by Ovids Metamorphoses, taking inspiration from the tragic love story of Pyramus and Thisbe. In Ted Hughes translation, it is clear to see that Shakespeare has been influenced by Ovid, The parents of each forbade their child / To marry the other. That was that. / But prohibition feeds love, mirroring the exact same family feud and passion in Romeo and Juliet5, Deny thy father and refuse thy name / Or, if thou wilt not, be but sworn my love, / And Ill no longer be a Capulet (Act 2, Scene II ll 34-36). There are rumoured to be so umpteen sources base one of Shakespeares most long-familiar masterpiec es, this certainly begs the question of whether Shakespeare was original and if he gave meaning to his own work.It is appropriate to approach an Elizabethan play as a collaborative work, given the amount of people used to successfully create a play. A piece of drama is inevitably constructed by many hands, adding to the meaning of the play. Romeo and Juliet would not just be defined by William Shakespeare, but how the play was performed would have enormous effect on its meaning along with those involved in the making of it. Romeo and Juliet was arguably not written by Shakespeare, he took influences from many different texts, collaborating with many other writers. The writing behind Romeo and Juliet does not define the play, but it is the staging and performance that steel the play what it is. Performance adds to the text in the sense of connecting to it gestures, symbols and staging, these all produce a definition not in the text itself. In a well-known quotation, Barthes draws an analogy between text and textiles, the text is a tissue of quotations cadaverous from the innumerable centres of culture (pp. 142-48) meaning that one persons work is never original. It is the reader/viewer that makes a piece of literature what it is, whether that is personal or not.It is touchy to judge whether a piece of literature successfully carries out what it promoter to attempt because we can never be certain of the writers intent in the first place. For example Robert Frosts The Silken Tent opened up to more than debate about whether the poem was really symbolising a fair sex and questioned the possibility of its supporting central cedar pole (l. 5) actually re maping a boat with language rich in relatable words, for example, guy ropes and compass. It should not be wrong to have a different opinion of a text, decision meaning in literature is all about your personal tastes and experiences allowing you to occupy to texts. Literature is all about what you as a reader m ake of a text in your own personal way.There seems to be no guarantee in this process that the origins of the text, the conventions of the message and the readers opinion are identical in any way. A piece of literature depends on the words and contexts which surround it, but these contexts are not always crucial when looking for meaning in a text. The language of textuality itself will present an argument that is potentially counter to the authors conscious intent.The meaning of a text is not produced solely by an author it is a complex collaboration between author, text and reader. Shakespeare did not give Romeo and Juliet meaning, meaning was created through the text and performance of the play and by the viewer creating their own personal opinions about it. Shakespeare may have been the origin behind Romeo and Juliet but there are many different sources that could have been seen to be used, questioning the originality of the play. The essential meaning of a piece of literature depends on the impression it has made on the reader, the writers passions and tastes do not come into it. Meaning is a collaboration of all these different factors, it cannot be gathered purely from just the author because there may have been no authorial intent behind that text and literature is all about your own personal opinion and where you transport that text in your mind. Barthes makes an important point saying, a texts unity lies not in its origins but in its destination, (pp. 142-48) meaning that it all comes down to the reader and society, a piece of texts origins are unimportant.Word Count 1560

Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetite Ferrofluid

Synthesis and act of Magnetite Ferro peregrineAbstractA Fe3O4 water- footd ferrofluid was prep ard by chemical co-precipitation technique, the charismatic particles were characterized use x-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer)VSM)techniques.the results show that the shape of the nanoparticles is or so orbicular and they be superparacharismatic at live temperature.1. IntroductionFerrofluids atomic number 18 electrostatic colloidal suspensions that consist of magnetized nanoparticles dust in base gas much(prenominal) as water or oil colour 1.A ferrofluid is a colloidal dispersion of monodomain magnetised particles ( coat of about 10 nm) of superpara magnetic nature. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles argon delicate synthetic Fe 3 O 4 or -Fe 2 O 3 particles with a core sizing of o10 nm and an organic or inorganic cover. The particles are well disperse in a liquid, for medical application formulaly in water. Superparamagnetic magnetic flux density is, compared to normal paramagnetic materials, much higher and tin reach nearly the magnetization chroma (M s ) of ferromagnetic iron oxide. This expression allows the tracking of such particles in a magnetic dramatics gradient without loosing the advantage of a stable colloidal suspension.S2Ferrofluids are stable suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles and include Fe 3 O 4 , CoFe 2 O 4 , MnZn , CoZn and lithium ferrite in a base liquid. The liquid can be polar or nonpolar . To rescind nanoparticles agglomeration, the magnetic particles break to be coated with an appropriate surfactant .This coating makes the ferrofluid stable even under intense magnetic nationals . ferrofluids are widely utilise in industry and clinical applications .w2Magnetic fluids (ferrofluids) with a combined fluidic and magnetic properties deem wide applications inindustry and biomedicine. Magnetic Nanoparticles ,such as magnetite(Fe 3 O 4 ),iron(Fe),ni ckel(Ni),andcobalt(Co),can be applied in magnetic fluid preparing.Among these magnetic NPs Fe 3 O 4 has been extensively adopted in magnetic fluids for its tunable magnetic properties.so far many synthetic strategies are proposed to prepare magnetic fluids of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles.Hereinto ,co-precipitation method in oil or water with the presence surfactants is traditional route to prepare magnetic fluids.A1Magnetic nanofluids, also cal lead ferrofluids, are stable colloidal solutions consisting of magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in a based fluid. The magnetic nanofluid behaves as a hopeful or functional fluid collect to some of its unique features. They have some applications in a variety of heavenss such as electronic packing, mechanical engine room, aerospace, and bioengineering. i1Water-based magnetic nanofluids are a special course of instruction of polar magnetic nanofluids with particular features of particle interactions and agglomerate formation processes. The stak e in water-based magnetic nanofluids in the selected bioengineering and biomedical systems has been growing exponentially in the last decades .Surface coating of nanoparticles and colloidal stability of biocompatible water-based magnetic nanofluids are particularly important for biomedical applications such as magnetic cell insularity, drug delivery, hyperthermia, and contrast enhancement in magnetic resonance imaging. They have been extensively applied to audio voice coil-damping, intertia-damping apparatuses,bearings, stepping motors, and vacuum seals.i1Ferrofluids, which are magnetic colloids, can be synthesized by dispersing nanosized subdomain magnetic particles of 10 nm in diameter in a immune toter liquid. Such fluids have physical properties that can be modified by an external magnetic field and are widely used as functional materials in engineering and technology applications.j1In usual, magnetic nanoparticles in ferrofluids are coated with a surfactant to prevent agg regation.In the 1980s, Massart proposed a method for chemical synthesis of sedimentary ferrofluids with no surfactant .In this method, an appropriate pop out treatment leads to adsorption of H+ or OHions on the emerge of the particles, so stable aqueous ferrofluids can be obtained. These ferrofluids are known as ionic ferrofluids or galvanising double-layered magnetic fluids .Ionic ferrofluids have attracted considerable attention because of their special behavior and this has led to new cross-disciplinary activities inchemistry, biomedicine and physics.j1Ferrofluids of Fe3 O4 and -Fe2 O3 have attracted considerable attention for various biomedical applications including therapeutic magnetic hyperthermia,targeted drug delivery,and magnetic resonance imaging due to their bio-compatibility and preferable superparamagnetic properties with high saturation magnetization.M1Transition metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) such as magnetite (Fe 3 O 4) and maghemite ( -Fe 2 O 3 ) are of genera l interest, due to their interesting magnetic, electrical, mechanical, catalytical and optical properties.Q1Iron oxide nanoparticles can also be dispersed in specific carrier liquids, giving rise to the so called ferrofluids (FFs0. In particular, FFs are colloidal suspensions of magnetic NPs (usually magnetite or maghemite) with honest size in the range from 8 to 20 nm and dispersed in organic/inorganic solvents or different oils(hydrocarbons, syntetics esters, etc). They combine the fluid related properties of the dispersing liquid with the magnetic properties of the solid NPs.Q1FFs have proved to be useful for a wide variety of engineering applications such as (i) ironless loudspeakers (ii) specific components for magnetic recording ,(iii) biomagnetics (e.g. hyperthermia ,tissue repairing ,target drug delivery ,cell separation ,magnetic resonance imaging, sensing )(iv) rotating seals and so on. Most of the applications of FFs are related to some(prenominal)(prenominal) their ov erall thermo/hydrodynamic properties and the magnetic properties of the constituent NPs.Q1Fe3O4 nanoparticles are most oft chosen because of following reasons(i) Fe3O4 is biocompatible,(ii) Fe3O4 nanoparticles can be synthesized at large scale,(iii)the magnetization of Fe3O4 nanoparticles is significantly high,thus allowing these particles to be easily controlled by an external magnetic field.R1colloidal suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in an organic or inorganic carrier liquid,so-called ferrofluids ,are being increasingly studied because of their peculiar physical properties and applications .Because of their small size (520 nm) the particles exhibit single magnetic domains and the magnetic fluid displays superparamagnetic behavior .Without external magnetic field the orientation of the magnetic moments of the particles is at stochastic resulting in a vanishing macroscopic magnetization. An external field, however, easily orients the particle magnetic moment leadi ng to large saturation values of the magnetization. Ferrofluids are classify into two groups ,ionic (IFF) and surfacted (SFF) ferrofluids, depending on the method used to avoid the aggregation of magnetic particles.T1Ferrofluids are actually superparamagnetic, meaning that a ferrofluid reacts to a magnetic field in the same way as a ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic solid, but magnetizes and demagnetizes more rapidly because in a ferrofluid the magnetic domains are the same size as the actual particles.v1Ferrofluids are colloidal dispersions of small single domain magnetic particles suspended in a carrier fluid.Ferrofluids characteristically have both(prenominal) magnetic and fluid properties and have put together a diverse range of applications,such as in audio devices, inertia dampers, stepper motors,sensors, vacuum seals, electromagnetic shielding, and high density digital storage.W1Namely, in any event the customary superparamagnetism a strong reduction of the magnetization of nanoparticles with respect to mickle value is detect. By both implicit and explicit tests, this reduction was prove to be due to a noncollinear spin organise.s1Ferrofluids containing magnetic nanoparticles with single domains and superparamagnetic at room Temperature and well-dispersed in a carrier fluid are both of fundamental and applied interest in biomedicine,mechanical and sensor technologies,and room temperature magnetic refrigerators.y1(In this research),(in the present work),(in this study) the magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by co-precipation method.the XRD,TEM and TEM techniques were used to characterize the structure and the size of the nanoparticles.the magnetic properties were evaluated by vibrating sample magnetometer.the Fe3O4 nanoparticles were dispersed into water to obtain the craved nanofluids.tetramethyl ammonium ion hydroxide was used as dispersant.2. Experimental Detailsor2. Synthesis and characterization2.1 MaterialsThe starting materials us ed in this work were ferrous chloride hexahydrate(Fe Cl3.6 H2O),ferrous chloride tetrahydrate(Fe Cl2.4H2O) aqueous ammonia water and tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide(N(CH3)4OH).2.2 Synthesis procedureAn acqeous ferrofluid material was alert by a co-precipitation method . The synthesis is based on the chemical reaction of iron ions in an aqueous ammonia solution to form magnetite Fe3O4 in the following form2Fe3++Fe2++8NH3.H2O=Fe3O4+8NH4+ +4H2OTo synthesis Fe3O4 nanoparticles, Fe Cl3.6 H2O (1M) and Fe Cl2.4H2O (2M) were prepared by dissolving iron salts in HCl (2M) solution.typically , 4ml of Fe Cl3 and 1ml of Fe Cl2 were mixed in a molar ratio of 21.then 50ml of ammonia aqueous solution was added into the solution with vigorous stirring at room temperature.a black precipitate was obtained.the precipitate was separated by applying a magnet and washing with distilled water several times until the PH decrease to7. tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide was used as dispersant.the nanoparticles ar e coated with hydroxyl ions of the tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide ,which themselves attract a sheath of strong positive ions.this surface structure creates electrostatic interparticle repulsion that can overcome coagulation forces of magnetic and van der waals attractions.2.3 CharacterizationX-ray powder diffraction(XRD) formulas were obtained by an X-ray diffractometer using K radiation(=1.54060) ( )The shape,size distribution and morphology of the particles were examined by using transmission electron microscope(TEM).( )(The nanoparticles are characterized in detail by TEM). TEM experiment was performed on a Philips CM30 electron microscope with an acceleration voltage of 150 kV.Magnetization versus applied field were carried out withVSM (Lake shore 7404).3. Result and Discussionnumber. 1 shows the X-rays powder diffraction pattern of iron oxide nanoparicles in the ferrofluid sample.the spectral lines are broad because the grain are small.()relatively wide peaks are related to small size of nanoparticles.all the observe peaks can be indexed to the Fe3O4 crystal structure .the peaks are characteristic of cubiform system with Fd-3m space group.()the considered profile can be suitably fitted by considering the crystalline structure of either magnetite(cubic structure,Fd-3m group,ICSD file name extension code 98-011-1284)or maghemite(cubic structure P4132 group,ICSD reference code 00-39-1346).beacuse of overlapping reflections in the XRD pattern,it was not possible to obtain a goodly fit by taking simultaneously into account both phases.using the Debye-scherer equation,the crystallite size was determined to be around 10 nm.Fig .1. XRD spectra of the particle Fig .2. TEM image of Fe3O4 nanoparticlesTEM image(Fig. 2)show that the particles are roughly spherical and polydispersed))(approximately spherical in shape).The particle sizes, by considering about 115 particle, range from 8to30nm.the add up size of the particles observed in the TEM image is in the r ange of 13nm, which is good agreement with that estimated by Debye-Scherrer formula from the XRD pattern.( )This is larger than the crystallite size determined by XRD,perhaps due to the presence of an amorphous surface layer. (the difference between XRD and TEM whitethorn come from the surface coating layer).fig .3. Magentic hysteresis of Fe3O4Fig. 3 displays the magnetic hysteresis ignore of the ferrofluid evaluated by VSM at room temperature,which is obtained from the magnetization cycle.we can see that the saturation magnetization(Ms)of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles was about 35 emu/g which is turn down than that of the bulk Fe3O4 (92 emu/g).the Ms value decrease with decrease in crystallite size for mono-domain particles due to the surface spin canting (disorder) and thermal fluctuations.i1. ( Komada et al. have attributed the reduction of magnetization in magnetic oxide nanoparticles to the existence of canted spins and /or a spin-glass-like behavior of the surface spins.M1).The s aturation magnetion might decrease on Fe3O4 Fe2O3 transformation because the magnetization of Fe2O3 is some less than that of Fe3O4 in bulk materials.j1It is well known that the Fe3O4 nanoparticles show a superparamagnetic property. When a magnetic field was applied, the dipolar particles aligned themselves with the applied magnetic field, and resulted in a measurable magnetization. The saturation magnetization of theferrofluid was about 35 emu/g in the ferrofluid, which was debase than the saturation magnetization of concentrated Fe3O4 nanoparticles (50 emu/g), due to the fact that the saturation magnetization reduced significantly when the particle size was smaller than 10 nm. Also, the saturation magnetization of Fe2O3 nanoparticles was lower than that of Fe3O4 nanoparticles .So the saturation magnetization of nanoparticles in the ferrofluid, which consisted of a small amount of Fe2O3 nanoparticles, was lower than that of pure Fe3O4 nanoparticles.w1Furthermore, zero remenance and nearly zero coercivity can be observed for the nanoparticles on the hysteresis curve, which indicates that the particles are superparamagnetism.this is related to the fine crystallite size of Fe3O4 particles,which are in the nanometer range.4. ConclusionIn this study, superparamagnetic magnetite ferrofluid were successfully synthesized. The XRD,TEM and VSM techniques were used to characterized the structure size and magnetic properties of nanoparticles.It was concluded that the spherical nanoparticles synthesized in this work were superparamagnetic

Gender Differences and Identities Essay -- Gender Sex Boys Girls Compa

Gender Differences and Identities succession physical characteristics may clearly restore mavins sexuality, race, or even social status, it is often one significant moment in ones life when their sexual practice is truly decided. The first five courses of my life consisted of my younger child and I imitating our mother, playing with dolls, and dressing each other up. As my child was the main person that I play with, gender never unfeignedly crossed my mind. Even when I started preschool and kindergarten, boys were not boys to me they were simply new friends and to a greater extent people to play with. At that moment in my life, I was reasonable Jackie Goldsmith, I stood in the girls lines at school, and wore pink dresses and ribbons in my hair to church service on Sunday. Looking spikelet now, I can specific totallyy think up when this so-called reality I had as a young child, changed drastically. It all happened when I was six years old my little brother was born. I did nt crystalize the difference until he was almost a year old, but his birth, my mom having a boy instead of a girl, decidedly helped form who I am today. His birth was ultimately the alter of my intact reality as I had previously known it. There be plenty moments that I can look back on during this time, and realize how each aided in forcing my gender upon me. My parents followed legion(predicate) of the social norms when it comes to boys and girls. Even at age six I notice that they dressed my brother differently than they did when my younger sister and I were his age. I even noticed that they had a different tone of percentage when they wheel spoke to him it was nothing at all like the little baby region that I remembered them using when my little sister was a some months old. You know, the voice that we as toddlers would normally get in trouble for using because we werent babies anymore. While I could pick out all of these little differences, I wasnt exactly sure why the y were the way they were until a few months later. One evening, around the time in my brothers life when he had eventually learned to walk, a few relatives were over visiting and just having a good time. My parents and relatives were talking and admiring my baby brother Mike, and my sister and I played with dolls in the corner. As they were talking, I remember my Uncle saying something like, Hes getting big, you think he will grow up and be a football player like we use to be? I ... ...tivities that I chose to do, I slowly began to fall into place, on my own. I trust that its very important for parents to be open minded when it comes to gender. Looking back at my own situation, my parents followed the norms in the beginning and forced me into a realisation that I wasnt ready for. Therefore, as a young child, I did the only thing I could and rebelled. However, as they began to change and let me use up my own decisions I got right back on track. I grew into a woman, and the previ ous experience helped me become my own person. Because of my father, I was determined to be my own individual, an independent and powerful woman. That was my number one priority evolution up and I contribute a lot of my later mastery to that previous attitude. Growing up a female has been quite an experience. While in my younger years I felt as if my gender was somewhat pre-determined for me, I soon fell into the natural groove of universe a female. I am not only comfortable in my own skin now, but I am proud to be a woman. My family is very supportive of all my decisions regardless of gender and they fuck off me feel that I have the ability and power to do anything.

To Kill A Mocking Bird : Children Are What They Learn (grade 10 Essay :: essays research papers fc

Children ar often influenced by adults in their life. Children often receive advice and en resolutionment from their parents or adult figures. In Haper Lees novel, To Kill A Mockingbird, Atticus Finch helps, his daughter, sentinel choose with situations, causing her to become a mature, open-minded individual. detective learns about(predicate) fearlessness when Atticus sends her and Jem to read to Mrs. Dubose everyday. emissary learns to fight with her heads instead of her fists when Atticus is support Tom Robinson. Scout finally learns what Atticus means when he says that you layaboutt go through a person until you walk around in their skin. Atticus influence shows in Scout accompanying Jem to Mrs. Duboses.     First, Scout learns about courage from Atticus. One provoke see this when Atticus sends her and Jem to read to Mrs. Dubose as a punishment for destroying her garden. Scout at first does not realize the courage Mrs. Dubose has. She thinks that sh e is just an angry, mordacious old woman. Through going with Jem each day to her house, Scout finally discovers how courageous Mrs. Dubose is. One can see this when Atticus says, "I precious you to see something about her I wanted you to see what real courage is instead of getting the idea that courage is a man with a gun in his hand. Its when you know youre licked before you begin tho you begin anyway and see it through no matter what" (116). This name clearly shows that Scout learns about courage through the influence of Atticus, as well as Mrs. Dubose. It shows that Atticus does his best to steer his children in the compensate direction so they will mature into kind, loving people. Atticus besides influences Scout when he asks her to fight with her head.     Second, Scout learns how to fight with her head. One can see this when Atticus is talking to her about the Tom Robinson trail. He tells her that several(prenominal) people in the town will sa y mean things about him, and that instead of attacking them, or fighting them, Scout should ignore them. He tells her to hold her head up high. One can see this when Scout says, "Somehow, if I fought Cecil I would let Atticus down. Atticus so rarely asked Jem and me to do something for him, I could take being called a coward for him" (81). This quote illustrates that because of Atticus, Scout chose not to fight.

Affect of Computers on Society Essay -- essays research papers

Computers and Society The first modern digital computers were developed in the 1940s for military purposes that arose during World War II. These computers make full broad(a) rooms. They took hours to transact complex mathematical operations. In the 1970s, the first individual(prenominal) computers were sold. allowance on a desktop, they were much faster and more powerful than the computers that had once filled large rooms. Computers were also affordable to individual consumers, making it practicable for many an(prenominal) plenty to use them for personal, business, and academic needs. By the mid-1990s, laptop computers assailable of millions of calculations per jiffy had been developed. Currently, nearly half of American homes constitute a personal computer, and businesses have come to rely on computers for nearly every function. Computers ar decorous smaller and more powerful than they were. In future, it looks like computers exit be used in almost every aspect of p eoples lives and we dexterity not even realize how significant this take might be. Lots of business owners and just common people argon frantic and optimistic a... Affect of Computers on Society Essay -- essays inquiry papersComputers and Society The first modern digital computers were developed in the 1940s for military purposes that arose during World War II. These computers filled entire rooms. They took hours to perform complex mathematical operations. In the 1970s, the first personal computers were sold. Fitting on a desktop, they were much faster and more powerful than the computers that had once filled large rooms. Computers were also affordable to individual consumers, making it possible for many people to use them for personal, business, and academic needs. By the mid-1990s, laptop computers capable of millions of calculations per second had been developed. Currently, nearly half of American homes have a personal computer, and businesses have come to re ly on computers for nearly every function. Computers are becoming smaller and more powerful than they were. In future, it looks like computers will be used in almost every aspect of peoples lives and we might not even realize how significant this effect might be. Lots of business owners and just common people are excited and optimistic a...

determinism Essay -- essays research papers fc

Free WillImagine if you prep ar your egotism in a state of bondage where any action craving and feeling was planned on an inexorable agenda that you could not aloneeviate but comply with. Although this seems like a dark and fantastical world, if the desire of determinism is fully accepted than it may not be as contrary as you might think. The idea of Free Will is ace of the most(prenominal) timeless and dubitable philosophical chiefs and is imposable to disregard. The idea of Free Will has tercet prevailing schools of thought, consisting of Determinism, (The tactile sensation that every action is determined and thusly, not free.), Liberalism (the stamp that our actions are not causally determined and therefore, free.)and lastly, Compatibilism (The belief that Determinism is Compatibilism with Free Will.). all(prenominal) reveallook has its points as well as dissentions, but of all the angles, the one I must believe in is Compatibilism and this is why. Although Compat ibilism is what I choose to believe, the opposite arguments are based on principals that cannot be ignored. The first view that I am departure to deal with is that of the Determinist, namely the Hard one. Determinism is the belief that every action is the result of a previous action, and was therefore determined to occur. If all actions are determined by previous actions than no actions can be made freely. Like the cosmological argument, determinism rests on the logical fact that no uncaused event can occur. What separates a Determinist from a compatibilist is the belief that any action that occurs could not of happened in any other fashion. If this were the matter then it would be theoretically possible to predict the in store(predicate) only by observing the past and present. Because nobody can successfully and consistently predict the future, some people believe that this is an argument against determinism. The determinist slow dismisses this argument with the response tha t humans dont have the tycoon to see let alone interpret the myriad of events that lead to an action. another(prenominal) common argument is the idea that if you were told what the future had in store for you, you could therefore consciously alter this out come. This argument is smashed with the fact that if you were told the future and you altered it, the future you were told was not the future because what actually occurred was different than what was predicted. Although, the strongest argument... ...cause you ran out of gas, the reason you ran out of gas is because you were driving your elevator car, the reason that you were driving your car was because you had to drive to work, the reason that you had to go to work was because you needed to feed and cherish yourself-importance. As you can see, even the most mundane task of going to the gas brand can be linked back to grassroots human survival. Now imagine that you are at the gas station and you realize that your oil is ver y low. As a result you go inside and find two brands of oil, neither of which you have seen before. Both brands make up the same, have the same ingredients, have the same general appearance, (ex. color, shape and texture) and are both equally accessible. Even though it was causally determined that you are in the gas station making this decision, the decision its self is under no constraint and can go one way as easily as the other and is there fore a free, as well as causally determined decision.Even though the writing of this paper was causally constrained and didnot answer a single question, I hope that it helped you as much as it helped myself get a grasp on the most enduring question of all.bibliography sparknotes

Da Evil Deer :: essays research papers

It all started on the opening day of cervid season. The beautiful day was just frigidness adequate to want a jacket but, but hot enough to where if one was worn youd sweat to death It seemed like a typical opening day. It wasnt though, it turned out to be quite an different.I walked out to my favorite tree belt with my trusty hitman at my side and waited for the dollar mark I had been eyeing for months. I needed a nice buck this year. See I bet Buddy that my deer would be twice as big as his. Twenty bucks was up for grabs and I needed to buy a new paintball gun. As I perspective about what kind of gun I wanted, the biggest buck I had ever seen showed up about 100 yards a authority from where I sat. That was my shred to twenty dollars. I raised up my gun, put the deer in my crosshairs, and sat there for a second to admire its beauty. Thats not all I noticed though. The deer had red eyes, and below the red eyes, on the run aground, set an AK-47 with a weird scope. I thought sweet Not only will I get twenty dollars, Ill also get a new assault sack that someone left lying around Then it occurred to me that I was the prey. I got up and ran Lead flung by me as I made my way to the Jeep. All of a sudden blood started squirting out of my degree I thought cool, that didnt even hurt But my nog gave out and I fell to the ground.As I was lying there, I devised a new plan. I layed their acting dead and waited for the deer to election me up. He threw me over his shoulder, and I slowly pulled out my hunting knife. A quick slice and the psychotic, evil deer was laying on the ground out cold. The twenty bucks was mine Then, as I was cutting the deer open, a button buck jumped out of the evil deer, and my monster buck disappeared As the deer hopped away I noticed two things.

Essay --

Q 1 Discuss how the dry has influence (if any) over the canvass of Smackey Dog Food, IncSolutionSEC has a significant influence on the inspect of Smackey Dog Food, Inc because it sets certain auditing standards that need to be adhered to while conducting and audit of any organization. One of the standards is ensuring a professional independence of auditors as they hunt down out their audit. Keller CPA would be more objective in their picture by maintaining independence in all maters and be free from dispute of interest in performing their professional engagement. Thus, although SEC does not take in direct control over privately held companies like Smackey, it, however, sets up largely accounting principles and disclosure requirements for all auditors to follow in order to interrupt fraud and misstatement and to ensure fairness to users of audited financial statements for investment purposes or finality making. Therefore, Keller CPA would be required to follow the six genera lly pass judgment auditing standards established by ASB of the AICPA with regards to field work and reporting which were established by the influence of SEC.(Arens, Alvin A., Elder, Randall J., and Beasley 2012 p. 31)Q2 Discuss the essential activities involved in the initial cooking of an audit. How do these all specifically relate to Smackey Dog Food lymph gland?Solution Keller CPA would first understand the clients industry operations and in particular how the clients rail line functions. This understanding will set the stage for assessing clients business risk, risk of significant and material misstatement of the clients financial positions and the boilers suit audit risk.The four major part of audit planning argon(i) Understanding internal control operatio... ...ble to third parties. Liability under SEC can also arise as well as encroachment of SAS 99 by not exercising professional skepticism.(Arens, Alvin A., Elder, Randall J., and Beasley. 2012. P. 115-116) REFERENCIESArens, Alvin A., Elder, Randall J., and Beasley, Mark S. (2012). Auditing and presumption Services An integrated Approach. 14th ed. Upper Saddle River Pearson HallPCAOB (Public companion Oversight Board), Auditing Standard number 9, audit planning, retrieved 1/22/14 http//pcaobus.org/Standards/Auditing/Pages/Auditing_Standard_9.aspxAICPA (American Institute of CPAs) Section 50, Principles of Professional Conduct, retrieved 1/17/14 http//www.aicpa.org/ search/Standards/CodeofConduct/Pages/et_52.aspx

Gender Roles in Alice Munro’s Boys and Girls Essay -- Boys and Girls E

In Alice Munros short flooring Boys and Girls, our fibber is a young farm girl on the verge of pubescence who is learning what it means to be a girl. The story shows the differing sexuality personas of boys and girls specifically that women are the weaker, more emotional sex by showing how the adults of the story expect the children to evolve into their respective roles as a girl and a boy, and how the children grow up and ultimately begin to fulfill these roles, making the variation from being children to being young adults.The adults in the story expect the children to grow into the gender role that their sex has assigned to them. This is seen in several places end-to-end the story, such as when the narrator hears her mother talking to her father, I hear my mother saying, Wait till Laird gets a little bigger, then youll relieve oneself a real help. And then I can purpose her more in the house (Munro 495), when her grandmother comes to visit and tells her all the things girls arent supposed to do, and when she is roughhousing with her little brother and the farm hand, Henry Bailey, tells her, that there Lairds gonna show you, one of these days (Munro 497). While the narrator disagrees with the adults, and tries not to aline to their expectations, at the end of the story both she and her brother end up acting exactly as a child of their age and gender would be expected to act the preteen girl crying with no apparent logical reason, and the young boy excited to submit been include with the men, and talking about the thrilling tale of slaying a horse. At the beginning of the story, the narrator and her brother are just children, but by the end of it the narrator is a girl and Laird is a boy they have become very d... ...le older and a chance to show off-key her bravery emerges in the form of Flora making her escape, she doesnt make up consider playing the part of the hero, she simply follows her fathers orders, and tied(p) that she goes back on when she leaves the gate open. She doesnt daydream of action and fanaticism anymore she instead imagines herself in a love story.Throughout the story, the diametrical roles and expectations placed on men and women are given the spotlight, and the coming-of-age of two children is represent in a way that can be related to by many women looking back on their own childhood. The narrator leaves bunghole her title of child and begins to take on a new role as a young, adolescent woman.Works CitedMunro, Alice. Boys and Girls. Introduction to Literature. Ed. Isobel M. Findlay et al. 5th ed. Canada Nelson Education, 2004. 491-502. Print.