From Bookstore to Theater, Turning Your Book into a Movie

From Bookstore to Theater, Turning Your Book into a Movie Following quite a while of exploration, composing and presenting, your book is distributed. Your fantasy is a reality. Be that as it may, through the procedure you had another fantasy †to see your composed words become animated as a film.  There are two courses to making this conceivable. Your first alternative is to locate an abstract operator to speak to your book in media outlets. The business adores â€Å"IP† (protected innovation). From the Marvel universe to The Hunger Games, this is an industry that â€Å"hungers† for the following large thing, and they like to locate those through operators.  Agents are overflowed with entries, however in the event that your book has an after, surveys, and positive press, it might be considered for portrayal. Finding such a specialist follows a similar way used to discover an operator for your book-research. To figure out the business you’ll need to begin perusing industry exchanges The Hollywood Reporter and Variety. You should definitely know aboutIMDb.com (Internet Movie Database), and the month to month membership toIMDbPro.com has reasonably state-of-the-art contact data (you’ll see who representsSuzanne Collins, creator of The Hunger Games).  Identify the agent’s accommodation strategy. It’s about that initial introduction. On the off chance that you are lucky enough to make sure about an operator, and they get your work optioned, at that point the procedure moves into higher rigging.  Generally, you will get a forthright installment for a particular timeframe of optioned rights. You could conceivably have contribution to the adjustment of your book into a screenplay. In the event that your book isn't delivered Your subsequent choice is to deliver your own film. This implies a considerable expectation to absorb information and working with a group of creatives. To begin, you adjust your book into a screenplay, which is more difficult than one might expect. As a writer you modify your reasoning in light of the fact that a screenplay just paints what should be envisioned. Begin perusing IndieWire.com and FilmmakerMagazine.com for a vibe of the business. Go to film celebrations to see autonomous movies wake up.  See if your state has a film office. Through all these new assets you may go over a screenwriter to work with.  The Writers Guild of America is additionally a superb asset. Need to compose the screenplay yourself? I enthusiastically suggest the product Final Draft. With your content total, submit to celebrations with screenwriting rivalries (FilmFreeway.com). Winning designations and grants approves your screenplay.  Find the correct cast and group, which can be a test. Search out nearby schools or colleges that offer a film program and castings for autonomous short and highlight films. Volunteer to help on set or, if you’re keen on acting †tryout! From that point you will realize what occurs on a set. Cautiously plan your film financial plans to incorporate appropriation. Shane Carruth’s grant winning Primer was created for $7,000 with a film industry gross of over $400,000. Find him to see where he is presently. You most likely once felt that distributing a book was only a fantasy, however there it is in your grasp. On the off chance that you apply a similar control, assurance and tolerance to the film business, you may end up in an auditorium watching your book unfurl on the cinema.

Euthanasia Should Be A Legal Option Essay -- Euthanasia Essays

Willful extermination is a dubious subject, not just in light of the fact that there are a wide range of good issues related with it, yet additionally in what establishes its definition. At the extraordinary closures of contradiction, advocates state killing, otherwise called doctor help in biting the dust, is a decent or lenient passing. Adversaries of willful extermination state it's an extravagant word for homicide. There are reasons that would make an individual lean toward the side of killing, and there are additionally reasons that would dismiss somebody from willful extermination. The contentions against killing remember the congregation's view for the subject of self destruction. The contentions for willful extermination incorporate the patients wish to have nobility. Be that as it may, paying little heed to the patients wishes, self destruction is illegal. In the event that an individual has a living will, it would permit the specialists to legally end any life safeguarding treatment. Without a living will this is impossible. The choice to permit a patient to end their life is plainly not a simple one. The courts feel that except if there is a living will to state what the patient would need to be done, the specialists must attempt to spare the patient. The law doesn't necessitate that everything must be done to keep a patient alive. A few people feel that keeping a patient invigorated aga inst their desires isn't just unfeeling and uncaring, yet it is additionally in opposition to law and practice. Notwithstanding, throughout recent centuries, doctors in preparing have been taking the ?Hippocratic Oath?. This pledge is taken from the Greek doctor Hypocrites who lived a large number of years prior. The ?Hippocratic Oath? forces on two obligations: to delay life, and calm torment. The issues come about on the grounds that these two obligations are frequently in strife. The inquiry more often than not is to choose when prol... ...y four hours per day, and I knew my ailment was hopeless, I would presumably need to stop that torment. I would not need my family and friends and family around observe me endure. Additionally, I would need to pass on with however much respect as could reasonably be expected. In any case, on the other hand, I am not in that circumstance, so I am not positive that is the thing that I would need to do, you simply need to be in the circumstance to settle on the most ideal choice. Catalog: 1. Friedman,Emily. Morals Issues For Health Care Professionals. Baskerville: American Hospital Publishing, 1986. 2. Maguire,Daniel. Demise By Choice. Nursery City: Doubleday and Company,1984. 3. Reich,Warren. Personal satisfaction. New York: Paulist Press, 1990. 4. Brody,Baruch. Life And Death Decision Making. New York: Oxford University Press,1988. 5. Chapman,Carleton. Physicians,Law,& Ethics. New York: New York University Press,1984.

MURKOR murkorSocial and Emotional Learning.edited Essays - Education

MURKOR murkorSocial and Emotional Learning.edited Essays - Education Social and Emotional Learning Understudy Name Organization Affiliation Teacher Name Course Name Course Code Date Social and Emotional Learning Where is the field of social and passionate getting the hang of going? What are we attempting to underscore? The idea of Social and passionate learning (SEL) stress on the procedure by which people, particularly completely developed grown-ups and the more youthful ages, tame their feelings, organize to adequately accomplish focuses on that are sure, going with emotions with great deeds towards others and nature great connection with others. Social and enthusiastic learning advances capabilities among people. SEL is significant specific ly in this distressing world, wherein both the grown-ups and the more youthful ages need to adjust to the passionate difficulties, some of which it's extremely hard to be stayed away from. In this manner, Social-passionate get the hang of ing is required than any time in recent memory. SEL accentuation on self-assessment, the capacity to deal with one's feelings, relationship the board just as the capacity to settle on powerful choices . Inquires about done in the previous decades delineates that it is significant for understudies to adjust their scholarly an d social-em otional abilities so as to make more noteworthy progress in professions and life, along these lines, SEL had been moderate d for just teachers . In any case, as of late there is moving, it is not, at this point held for teachers rather all analysts, the scholarly world, and the general population are starting to all the more likely comprehend that having overseen among scholastics and social and passionate abilities assume a basic job throughout everyday life. Thereof , accentuation on SEL abilities will impart compelling encounters in learning just as make a favorable domain that empowers the understudies to accomplish better outcomes in schools just as contribute viably in the two working environments and to the general public . For this situation, SEL will guarantee a goa l-arranged age later on. The across the board of SEL will guarantee that socially capable residents are delivered who are smarter to manufacture the country just as their networks. Despite the fact t hat SEL accentuated on advancement abi lities, for example, soul improvement, passionate control, receptiveness and the capacity to prevail upon others is respected to be significant or considerably more basic than cognizant musings in inspecting work in fates for viable and productive outcomes . Disregarding those ideas being fundamental to the understudies in learning and experience, their executions demonstrate hard for the teachers. To them, it is hard to set viable objectives, upskill and look at passionate and social abilities . When di d the field begin to perceive SEL, who are the main five driving momentum specialists on this subject? What are the contrasts among them and what are they concentrating on? Li ke a ny other western thought, the base of social-passionate learning is as old as old Greece. At the point when Plato expounded on training in The Republic, he suggested that an educational plan that requires a harmony between scholarly , character and good. Be that as it may, in present day, James Comer started a directing system in the late 1960s at Yale School of Medicine's Child Center. The program was concentrating on two goals , low accomplishing and terrible showing dominating in African-Ame rican grade schools in New Haven Connecticut , which had most reduced scholastic accomplishment and most noticeably awful participation in the city. By 1980s the two schools have become the best scholastic entertainers to surpass the national normal. Modern , New Have has become a true center point in SEL look into . SEL. The main scientists incorporate; Roger Weisberg , Timothy Shriver, Schonert-Reicht Kimberly, Instructors and teachers ought to experience intensive preparing on the best way to consolidate social and enthusiastic aptitudes in learning and encounters of the understudies for better execution both at school and at the work environment ( Weisberg et al. 2015) . It is accepted that this methodology of joining social and enthusiastic aptitudes in the understudies learning life and experience ought occur inside the school condition as well as at the network level, working environment and even at the political setting ( Shriver , 2015) . The execution and authorization of SEL approaches inside the school setting depend on the educator ( Kimberly, 2017 ). Kimberly says that there is a connection among SEL and the instructor's convictions just as their prosperity. He included that the accomplishment of

How to Analyze Sources and Information

Instructions to Analyze Sources and Information By Riley Kohl   Today, we face a daily reality such that sudden spikes in demand for data. Data is assembled, mutual, purchased, and sold. To an ever increasing extent, people are devouring huge measures of data and utilizing it to shape themselves and the manner in which they see their general surroundings. In our excursion to arrive at new statures of comprehension, we build for ourselves a tall watchtower, with every block being another snippet of data. Extremely regularly, be that as it may, we dont ask ourselves a critical inquiry: imagine a scenario where this new block has splits. I will likely disclose why you should have the option to evaluate the nature of the data you expend and to give you the instruments to do so dependably and productively. A Growing Need One of the most generally utilized wellsprings of data is the news, explicitly the prevailing press. As of late, there has been a steady, noticeable decrease in the nature of reporting. Seeing this, the American individuals have along these lines shown a progressive decrease in the degree of trust they place in the standard medias capacity to report data in a reliable and fair-minded way. In a Gallup survey led in 2016 with an irregular example of 1,020 grown-ups, just 32% declared to having a lot or a reasonable measure of trust in the standard media.[1] A chart of this pattern is given in Figure 1. A Practical Demonstration So as to more readily get a handle on the approachs of data examination, and the requirement for such aptitudes, a commonsense showing is ideal. On November 20, 2015, CNN distributed an article charging that President-elect Donald Trump offered a complete expression with respect to the execution of a Muslim database.[2] Several hours after the fact, an article was distributed by the Gateway Pundit asserting that the ends introduced by the CNN article depended on misrepresented evidence.[3] Figure 2 gives a one next to the other perspective on the article features. This prompts the first, and generally significant, basic standard of data examination: no source is above investigation in light of the fact that no source is dependable. CNN is a significant news source. The main response of the normal individual is just trust them over the Gateway Pundit, a moderately obscure source. The CNN article additionally gives a video which appears to help the case introduced in the feature. The two most remarkable contentions introduced by the Gateway Pundit article are that the CNN video is intensely altered and that the columnist purposely pushed an ambiguous, vague inquiry. The initial step the peruser must take now is to watch, or re-watch, the CNN video. Obviously the video is altered, however this training isn't irregular. Recordings gave in articles and reports are frequently altered for time purposes, removing pointless data so as to convey the significant data in an auspicious way. In this manner, we show up at the second basic standard: if all else fails, counsel the crude information. This isn't generally a simple errand. In logical reports, the crude information is frequently broad or introduced in a configuration that is hard for laymen to comprehend. News stories, then again, regularly draw their information from crude video or authority explanations. Given the positions introduced by the two articles, at most just one of them can be right. Accordingly, at any rate one of these articles must be bogus. The consequence of this is an individual who accepts the bogus article will probably shape a conclusion on Donald Trump, at that point a Presidential up-and-comer. This recently acclimatized data may influence a decision of activity taken by the peruser, for example, who they vote in favor of, which could have outcomes as noteworthy as choosing the following political pioneer of the United States of America. Put in this point of view, unmistakably data and fa lsehood can be an amazing, risky powers. It is basic that they are appropriately assessed by the perusers. Strategies for Appraising Information The absolute most straightforward strategies for assessing the nature of a data source include posing essential inquiries. These incorporate affirming whether or the not source is fair-minded, complete, current, and clear.[4] While the last inquiries are genuinely straightforward, the topic of predisposition is a precarious beat to deal with. Inclination is on a very basic level hard to maintain a strategic distance from when composing, or deciding not to compose, articles or reports. These are composed by individuals, who have their own imbued standpoints and assessments on the world. Moreover, the presence of inclination stretches out outside the article itself, into the meta domain of distribution. There can exist an inclination in what data is distributed and what data isn't. A news outlet may decide to just cover the real outrages of a political figure and distribute nothing in regards to their achievements. Despite the fact that the distributed articles might be valid, the inclination despite everything exists. A typical misinterpretation is that the origin of a data source is a decent proportion of its quality or reliability. While this can fill in as a huge, efficient alternate route, it can likewise hush the peruser into an incorrect conviction that all is well with the world. The most all around regarded news outlet can distribute wrong articles, and the most thrilling newspaper can distribute articles containing only reality. A last idea to note, before continuing to an all the more methodical posting of approachs, is simply the composition. The composing styles of data sources can differ broadly dependent on their target group and reason. A logical report on geographical forecasts dependent on review information will shift in appearance and stream from a news story giving an account of an ongoing wrongdoing wave. In spite of this, the sign of a decent article lies with its goal thinking. There ought to be an unmistakable intelligent stream from the crude data being refered to the last ends drawn and introduced by the author.[5] Faulty rationale or unpretentious false notions can take truthful proof and yield deceiving ends. A Simple Checklist for Appraising Sources Ask yourself the three Cs: Is it exhaustive, clear, and current? Hope to check whether the source has a consistent progression of target thinking. Recognize the reason for the article. What is the author attempting to pass on? Distinguish any potential for predisposition. Does the creator have a basic thought process? Cross-reference with elective sources. Counsel the crude information if vital. Recollect that is okay to conclude that no authoritative ends can be drawn from deficient sources. Works Cited [1] Gallup, Inc. Americans Trust in Mass Media Sinks to New Low.Gallup.com. N.p., 14 Sept. 2016. Web. 05 Jan. 2017. [2] Trump would unquestionably actualize national database for U.S. Muslims.CNN. Link News Network, 20 Nov. 2015. Web. 06 Jan. 2017. [3] Hoft, Jim. THEY LIED! Media Edited Video to Claim Donald Trump Said to Register All Muslims (Video).TheGatewayPundit. N.p., 21 Nov. 2015. Web. 06 Jan. 2017. [4] Markel, Michael H. Practicalstrategiesfortechnicalcommunication. first ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2013. Print. [5] LibGuides: Critically Analyzing Information Sources: Critical Appraisal and Analysis.CriticalAppraisaland AnalysisCriticallyAnalyzingInformationSourcesLibGuidesatCornellUniversity. N.p., 27 May 2016. Web. 05 Jan. 2017.  â

10 Job Resources for Students You Shouldnt Miss

10 Job Resources for Students You Shouldnt Miss Searching for function as an understudy can feel like a vocation all by itself. Fortunately, there are various new assets you can use to find the activity you have to get past school or even the activity that can fill in as a springboard for your profession. Here well investigate the ten best assets for work chasing while youre still in school or as you make the progress from understudy to full time worker. CollegeRecruiter The College Recruiter site offers something other than a spot to look at new openings in developing profession fields. They additionally offer assistance with proceeding with training credits and ways for businesses to discover ongoing alumni who can inhale new life into a field or essentially carry a new point of view to an organization. In the event that youre still not certain your significant will be your lifes work, College Recruiter can help with profession bent tests and subtleties on the best work environments. When you secure the position you need, College Recruiter assists with building your resume and tips for those increasingly troublesome inquiries also. School Magazine †Find an Internship Temporary jobs have gone under some substantial fire and analysis recently however the reality remains †on the off chance that you need to get your foot in the entryway, an entry level position is your most logical option. This is particularly valid for business sectors that are particularly serious, including the inventive expressions and interactive media centered vocations. School Magazines asset presents a spilling perspective on temporary jobs with customers like O Magazine, Martha Stewart Living, Reboot and the CIA. Grounds Riot The group at Surviving College realizes that enduring your college years is something beyond having the option to get passing marks and (ideally) land your fantasy work. Enduring College offers assistance and guidance on everything from whether store dedication cards merit the difficulty for understudies to tips on the most ideal approaches to discover and associate with perfect organizations and entry level positions to how to begin a private venture before youve even graduated. Profession Thoughts Profession Thoughts obliges the two understudies and those as of now in the working scene. Their methodology is basic †if youre not in a vocation you love, youre not in the correct activity. Their supportive guidance bases for the most part on continue building and meeting aptitudes. They likewise offer counsel on the most ideal approaches to scan for organizations that are employing or on the best way to spot openings even the organization itself hasnt considered. Finding a need and proposing an answer can assist you with standing apart from different applicants and could even permit you to make your own situation inside an organization. Employment Stock Jon Stock is the go to put for consultants of almost every assortment. Their feed of avaialble independent positions is routinely refreshed and includes a wide assortment of accessible independent activities in territories like programming, database the board, content composition, blogging, visual computerization and information section. Dissimilar to numerous other independent activity sites, you can look by organization rating, pace of pay and area. Understudy Queen In the event that youve never genuinely thought to be an entry level position or dont know whether its the best thing for you, Intern Queen can assist you with understanding everything. The Intern Queen offers something other than a refreshed posting of probably the most fascinating temporary jobs around †she likewise offers certifiable guidance on the most proficient method to discover, land and endure your first entry level position without losing your brain. Her well disposed, simple to follow and simple to identify with blog can enable new understudies to acclimate to the rigors of an all work, no compensation way of life while offering sharp bits of knowledge that even prepared assistants will appreciate. Vocation Shifters Much like your major, your picked vocation field can change as you develop and build up your own arrangement of needs, interests and abilities. Vocation Shifters realizes that the way to finish work fulfillment isnt constantly clear and they extend to help on getting an alternate line of work, another profession or a totally different way from training to a definitive dream work. They offer exhortation from individuals who have changed gears at different focuses in their life and offer accommodating tips, work leads and something to think about. Lindsey Pollak Lindsey Pollak is the creator of Getting from College to Career: Your Essential Guide to Succeeding in reality and is likewise a LinkedIn Ambassador and keynote speaker. Fundamentally, she knows a thing or three about utilizing your school a long time as a venturing stone to your fantasy work. Her blog †and the whole site †can support understudies, late alumni and youthful experts discover the assets, tips and deceives they have to succeed. Resume Companion Resumes have changed in the course of recent years. Some time ago just explaining your accomplishments and featuring your training was sufficient to put yourself at the leader of the pack yet nowadays youll need to go that additional mile to get took note. While there are a lot of sites, self improvement guides and web journals with tips on making an eye-getting resume, Resume Companion offers a comical inclination close by new and innovative approaches to stand apart from the pack. With resumes for famous characters like Batman to offhanded parody, their site gives the perfect spot to let out some pent up frustration and get a couple of new thoughts for your resume. CareerCast Regarding a one-stop work site, CareerCast offers an abundance of data, leads and help with handling a full time vocation, low maintenance occupation or independent work. So how would they stand apart from the ocean of employment sites? They offer explicit looks for specialty fields, including Development Handicap Assorted variety Vitality Green Human services Nursing Trucking Veteran With a mix of old school counsel, an effectively accessible database of occupations and help in focusing on explicit and specialty enterprises, CareerCast stands apart from the rest and will assist you with doing the equivalent.

Blog Archive Financing Your MBA Student Loan Reduction Strategies Webinar

Blog Archive Financing Your MBA Student Loan Reduction Strategies Webinar The elation of getting in has now given way to a crucial question: How am I going to finance my studies? To help answer this question, our sister firm M7 Financial has created a brand-new,  free  webinar, Financing Your MBA: Student Loan Reduction Strategies,  to help prospective and admitted MBAs understand the myriad of ways they can reduce their dependency on student loans. During this session on Thursday,  May 28 at 7:30 p.m. EDT, M7 Financial Co-Founders Cory Pollock and Jeremy Shinewald will show students where the holes in an MBA programs recommend budget lies and then discuss the ways to minimize expenses including the following: Scholarship and fellowship opportunities Corporate sponsorships Tax credits and deductions Short-term consulting projects Additionally, Cory and Jeremy will address the important differences in student loans so that you can make informed choices that serve your needs including Avoiding costly origination fees Variable vs. fixed interest rates Consequences of different repayment terms Loan forgiveness programs Please join M7 for this informative session and QA to follow on  Thursday, May 28 from 7:30-9:00 p.m. EDT. Click here to register for  free! Share ThisTweet mbaMission Events News

Genetics and Environmental Factors Associated with Asthma - 275 Words

Explaining Potential Predisposing Genetics and Environmental Factors Associated with Asthma (Essay Sample) Content: Practicum experience journal-entryNameInstitutionAbstractAsthma cases are associated with both environmental and genetic factors. Most asthma victims often develop serious problems during cold weather as compared to during sunny conditions. There is the formation of more mucus in the respiratory system leading to the constriction of the bronchi thus resulting in forcing heavy breathing in individuals during such cold weather. Air pollution from industries and cigarette smoking makes the victims develop an illness. Places with no air pollution have few asthma cases compared to environmentally polluted zone. The condition can also be hereditary, for instance, in the cases of twins. When one develops the problem, the remaining one most likely will also get the disease.Practicum experience-journal entry for asthmaAsthma is a state in the respiratory system notable by the involuntary muscular contraction in the lungs that leads to difficulty in breathing. The condition is caused by factors that predispose one to the respiratory problems. There are usually environmental and genetic factors associated with the disease.Environmental factorsWeather changes can cause asthma in susceptible individuals at any point in time. During periods of cold weather like in winter, Cold air can cause irregular congestion in the bronchi which leads to more creation of mucus. The more the mucus in the respiratory system the more difficult breathing gets. The asthma victim got more complications during such days leading to more admissions to the hospital compared to periods with warm humidity.Air pollution such as paints, cigarette smoke, and industrial fumes can cause irritating and allergic reactions that can induce asthma. So, during the periods of heavy air pollution, the person suffering from asthma had a lot of admissions to the healthcare compared to days that dont experience heavy air pollution (Web MD, 2016).Genetic factorsResearch shows that asthma cases run in some families compared to others. Some genetics are more susceptible t...

Bunraku and Kathakali theatrical traditions - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4344 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Art Essay Type Argumentative essay Topics: Drama Essay Did you like this example? Introduction: Many explorations into the realm of theater arts have produced various discoveries, which have helped theater devotees make connections never seen before between theater traditions not only from different parts of the world, but with different means of origin. Any such exploration is vital to theatrical research and practice as it not only adds value to theatrical study, but it also may provide an opportunity for two or more theatrical traditions to blend into one exhibition of carefully investigated research.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   The following research presentation examines two very different and diverse theatrical practices: Bunraku Theater, from seventeenth century Japan, and Kathakali Dance-Drama, from seventeenth century southern India. In this examination of Bunraku and Kathakali theatrical traditions, this research paper is an exploration of the cult ural evolution of each tradition and a reflection on the development of additional performer roles and the element of movement in both of these practices.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Bunraku Theater is a traditional form of Puppet Theater that originated in Japan. Initially, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Bunrakuà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ was the name of the theater where ningyo-joruri (puppets and storytelling) was performed in. Gradually, this name evolved and became to be the name associated with the art of ningyo-joruri itself. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“What is Bunraku?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?) Today, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Bunrakuà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is the official name of Puppet Theater in Japan. Textual styles in Bunraku involve a high degree of drama, whereas most puppet-oriented theatrical traditions simply rely on simple myths and legends as a foundation for their texts. Most puppet-based theater practices around the world also usuall y hide the puppeteers involved in the drama. In Bunraku, however, the puppeteers are shown to the audience along with the puppets. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“What is Bunraku?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?)   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Kathakali is one of the oldest theatrical traditions India, originating in the southern state of Kerela. In Malayalam, the name à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Kathakalià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ directly translates into à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"story-playà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. This tradition is primarily a dance-oriented tradition with textual styles involving themes based on mythological texts from Hinduism such as the Ramayana and Mahabharata. (Rajan) Most dance-based theater practices rely only on the dance movements to convey various messages. Kathakali, however, heavily relies on a highly detailed make-up and costume classification, which portrays the characteristics of the characters. (Rajan)   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   The astonishing circumstance is that both of these traditions have no evidence of contact amongst themselves. However, as absurd as the relationship may be, a sense of the practices of naturalist Charles Darwin echo when discussing this situation. One might argue that at some point, both these traditions might have a common root that dates back thousands of years. Maybe, in the process of developing these traditions, there was a connection somewhere that inspired both these traditions. Then again, while searching for a historical link, the true essence of the links between Bunraku and Kathakali must not be lost. An examination, nevertheless, of their respective cultural evolution, seems necessary. Cultural Evolution:   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Bunraku Theater evolved from two different groups. T here was a tradition of travelling storytellers and a tradition of travelling puppeteers in seventeenth century Japan. These two groups came into contact with each other and decided to combine the arts of puppetry and storytelling. This tradition was brought into professional performance when Takemoto Gidayu, considered as the father of Bunraku, established a theater in Osaka. Gidayu began his career in Kyoto as a narrator. He was known for his storytelling abilities. In 1684, he decided to form his own variation of theater with the combination of puppetry and storytelling. With the help of Chikamatsu Monzaemon, regarded as one of the greatest playwrights in Japanese history, and Takeda Izumo, a theater owner and manager, Gidayu was able to establish his theater in Osaka. The plays of this revolutionary style of theater known as joruri were categorized into two divisions: jidai-mono (historical) and sewa-mono (domestic) plays. Historical plays were focused on the lifestyle and stori es involving the noble and military social classes, while domestic plays were concerned with the lives of the common town residents. Upon the division of joruri around 1703 into Takemoto-za, led by Gidayu, and Toyotake-za, led by an apprentice of Gidayu who left the Osaka Theater, the fight for the best theater of joruri produced some quality work. This period of Bunraku history was later referred to as the Golden Age. Plays from this time period are still the most often performed plays today. However, after a prosporous early eighteenth century, the late eighteenth century brought a period of literary drought as joruri declined in popularity. The only existence of Puppet Theater after that was that in shrines and temples. Amidst this phase, a small theater was opened in Osaka near the Inari Shrine in 1811 by Uemura Bunrakuken. In 1872, it was relocated to Matsushima and officially titled Bunraku-za. Soon after in 1884, a new rival to Bunraku-za arose by the name of Hikiroku-za. Sim ilar to the previous golden age, this rivalry produced some fine work and Bunraku was at a point of revival. The rivalry lasted six years as Hikoroku-za closed down in 1893. Bunraku-za was the only remaining representative of Puppet Theater. Soon, the art of Puppet Theater became known as Bunraku instead of just the theater. After World War II, one of the first rebuilt theaters was the Yotsubashi Bunraku-za because the government wished to preserve this famous art form out of Osaka. In 1966, in Tokyo, the first National Theater was built. This theater targeted a younger audience to keep the tradition alive. Today, as a result of the investment, the theater is part of UNESCOà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Intangible Cultural Heritage list. (paragraph of references)   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Meanwhile, in southern India, Kathalkali had a different direction from which it evolved. The art of Kathakali or iginated from a political rivalry between two chieftains: the Raja (King) of Kottarakkara and the Zamorin of Calicut. The Raja of Kottarakkara requested the presence of a dance-drama troupe known as Krishnanaattam from the Zamorin of Calicut to perform at a social gathering. Krishnanaattam was a dance-drama based on the life of Lord Krishna, a Hindu mythological god. The Zamorin considered this proposition and due to political tension between the two, he refused to send the troupe blaming it on the fact that the Raja of Kottarakkara would not appreciate the art form. In rebellion, the Raja of Kottarakkara created an equivalent form of dance-drama called Raamanaattam, based on the life of Lord Rama, another Hindu mythological god. Raamanaattam was created in Malayalam, the traditional language of the state of Kerela. By the end of the seventeenth century, the polished version of Raamanaattam was known as Kathakali. Kathakali was performed in Hindu temples as its stories had much to d o with religious texts. The art of Kathakali was a mixture of several art forms of Kerela: Nritta, Nrittya, Natya, Kalaripayattu, Theyyam, and Koodiyattam. Nritta, Nrittya, and Natya are names for various dance types directly translating into à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"pure danceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"suggestive dance with the aid of postures and gesturesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"dramaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Kalaripayattu is the martial art of Kerela. This art is evident in the movement of Kathakali through the way performers are trained until absolute endurance is achieved. Theyyam is a ritualistic dance form. The heavy use of make-up and headdresses in Kathakali is derived from Theyyam. Lastly, Koodiyattam is a Sanskrit-based theater performed in the temples of Kerela. This theater, dating back to 200 BC, contains the stage action that has been inherited by Kathakali. Along with the make-up from Theyyam, stiff and powerful movements from Kaliripayattu, this stage action c ompletes the art of Kathakali today. (paragraph of references)   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Noticing the many differences in the way that these traditions came about, they have plenty of similarities that could be used as critical researched connections. Both theatrical practices have different roots of evolution. Bunraku Theater evolved as a result of the desire to capitalize on a newly discovered means of theater involving puppets and storytelling. Kathakali dance-drama evolved as a result of political feuds between rival kingdoms, and how one dominant form of dance-drama evolved through the centuries to represent its modern representation. The fact that both practices come from different narratives in their backgrounds challenges the implausible theory that any contact was possible between the two cultures. Regardless of historical contact, Bunraku and Kathakali seem to display great simil arities in three areas: additional performer roles, make-up, and movement. Additional Performer Roles: Instantly, one notices that there are some introductory connections linking Bunraku and Kathakali evolution. Both traditions evolved in the 17th century. Both traditions are different from conventional traditions in their respected forms. However, lack of communication in the seventeenth century limited ways in which one practice could become aware of the other. There are also other detailed aspects that link the fundamentals of each theatrical practice.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   The first connection between Bunraku and Kathakali is the development of additional performer roles. There are two additional roles apart from the puppeteers in Bunraku. One of them is the role of the chanter and the other is that of the shamisen player. The chanter is known as the tayu. His role is describ ed as bringing wooden dolls to life. Through the expressions made by the chanter, the dolls are able to communicate with each other filled with the same expression as any western theatrical actor. Apart from reciting the dialogue, the chanter also informs the audience on the background involved with the scene being presented. Only one chanter is needed to perform all the roles. Thus, the chanter needs to have a versatile voice. Over-exaggeration is essential to portray a characterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s personality and their emotions. The crowd is able to distinguish between characters through the exaggerated voices made by the chanter. The chanter is accompanied by the shamisen player, who plays the musical supplement to. Out of the three types of shamisens, the one played in Bunraku is the type with the longest neck to emit the deepest and most low-pitched sound. This also requires the chanter to sing from the lower abdomen. Similar to the role of the chanter, the shamisen player must also attempt to add his full heart into the music to make the musical addition as real and cultural as possible. (paragraph of references)   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Kathakali performances contain more additional performers than Bunraku. However, their roles are similar to those of Bunraku. There is a music accompaniment to the performance. The musicians are referred to as the orchestra. The orchestra composes of three drums and a set of cymbals. Usually, one performer plays each instrument, but there are performances where more than one are seen playing the same instrument. The three drums are the chenda, maddalam, and edakka.   The chenda is loud and powerful and is used for scenes with building suspense. The maddalam is used for softer sounds pertaining to female characters. The edakka is also used for its soft, musical addition to the overall spirit. Along with the drums, the cy mbals aid the drums to help the dancer keep in beat with the music. The orchestra is used throughout the performance because without the beats of the drums, the performers are clueless as to their movements. The dance dances according to the rhythm of the drums. There is a vocal aspect to Kathakali as well. This aspect is used to narrate the story because the performers do not speak in the performance. The dialogue is spoken in either Malayalam or Sanskrit and is said whenever narration is required. In parts where dance builds the suspense, the drums take control and the chanter(s) does(do) not speak. (paragraph of references)   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   In Bunraku and Kathakali, the roles of additional performers are similar. The chanters are responsible for reciting the story and speaking any dialogue needed to be spoken. The instrument players are required to maintain the tone of the perf ormance. The institutional soul of the performance in both cases is created by the music, which has to be followed by other elements. The remarkable similarities presented by this straightforward addition of music is one of many upon which basic structure of performance are developed. Make-Up: The second correlation between Bunraku and Kathakali is the heavy use of make-up to describe the characteristics of the various characters. In Bunraku, various puppet heads indicate various personalities of the characters.Different types of heads with fixed make-up are used. Each puppet head is meant for a different role. There are twelve types of male puppet heads, six types of female puppet heads, and there are also specially made heads used for special roles. The male heads are Bunshichi, Kenbishi, Komei, Odanshichi, Genda, Waka otoko, Oniwaka, Matahei, Darasuke, Yokanbei, Oshuto, and Kiichi. Bunshichi is a head used for tragic heroes. The heroism can be seen through the masculin e face with thick eyebrows. However, the facial expression shows concealed worry or sorrow, which leads to the conclusion that this hero is tragic and has suffered for a long time. Kenbishi is a head used for characters playing supporting roles in a performance. This headà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s facial expression indicates strong willpower, which is indicated by the single-lined painting of the mouth. Komei is a head used for middle-aged characters. This head is intended to be thoughtful, portrayed by its polished facade. Odanshichi is a head used for warriors. These warriors are brave and courageous, which can be seen through the bold facial expression and the heavy lines with which the head is painted. Genda and Waka otoko are heads used for teens and men in their twenties. Their elegance is shown through their handsome faces. Oniwaka is a head used for teen males as well. However, the red color of the face portrays that these characters are wild and stubborn as opposed to handsome and elegant. Matahei is a head used to portray honest men living simple lives, which is seen through the simplicity of their face. Darasuke is a head that represents the enemy. The facial expression of this character displays opposing views and a sense of unease. These characters are supposed to be disliked by the audience. Yokanbei is a head used for enemies as well. However, the pink face and the long moustache are traits of humor. Therefore, these characters are humorous villains, who arenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t supposed to be completely disliked by the audience. Oshuto and Kiichi heads are both used for the roles of aged men. Oshuto is typically used to portray an aged warrior. Although the wrinkles on the face represent age, the fearless expression displays the characteristics of a retired warrior. Kiichi is a head also used for an aged warrior. However, the facial expression of wisdom represents an important figure. (paragraph of references) found on Japan Arts Council web site   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   The six female heads are Musume, Fuke-oyama, Baba, Keisei, Baku-ya, and O-Fuku. Musume is the most beautiful and appealing female head for a common woman in Bunraku. It is used for roles for young women from fifteen years of age and onwards. It can also be used for young wives. Fuke-oyama is a head dedicated to young-middle aged women, aged twenty to forty. These heads are also very beautiful, but the different hairstyle portrays a greater degree of maturity. Baba is a head which is divided into two different-looking heads. One is used for historical plays and the other is used for domestic plays. The historical head is used for significant older roles in historical plays. The hair of this head is very smooth compared to rough hair in the domestic version, which is used mainly for old townswomen. Keisei is considered to be the most elegant head in its appealing faci al features and elaborate hair style. It is used for courtesan women in the high social classes. Baku-ya is the head used for evil roles such as that of an old hag. The wrinkles, rough hair, and facial expression depict wickedness. Lastly, O-Fuku is a plump version of Musume. This head is used for the roles of servants. (paragraph of references) found on Japan Arts Council web site   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   With such details in terms of make-up of the puppets, a conclusion could be formulated that Bunraku heavily relies of make-up as an element of performance. The various make-up patterns expressed in the form of a range of heads lead to the build-up of the personalities of various characters on stage.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   These typical heads resembling various characters can also be foun d in the make-up of Kathakali. In Kathakali, the traits of the character depend on the color scheme of the make-up. There are five different styles of make-up in Kathakali: Minukku,Paccha, Katti, Taadi, and Kari. Minukku is the make-up used for characters designated in the upper class of society. Through the polished make-up scheme, a sense of glorified piety is shown in a disciple character. When used with women roles, delicate touches of Minukku are provided. Paccha is a style of make-up used to illustrate mythological heroes, Gods, and other characters with much importance. The characterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s valor and ethical distinction are portrayed by the purity of the green color used in this make-up. Katti, a make-up more complex than Paccha, is used for antagonistic roles which are opposite the heroes of the play. The resemblance of the make-up to sharply bent daggers portrays the characteristics of evil ambition and arrogance. Taadi is a make-up structure of a beard which is divided into three parts: Veluppu taadi, Chuvanna taadi, and Karuppu taadi. Veluppu taadi is a beard used for warrior roles. This beard brings a sense of realism to these mythological fighters. Chuvanna taadi is a beard used to add dreadfulness to characters. Used mainly for evil characters, this make-up can also be used for adding evilness to lesser malevolent characters. Burning red eyes and thick black lips are used to help portray this image. Karuppu taadi is the last type of taadi make-up. This beard is black and is used for thieves and robbers. The last type of make-up in Kathakali is Kari. This make-up is also used for evil characters. The black face represents the presence of blackness inside the character. (paragraph of references) found on the Cochin Cultural Centre web site   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Make-up in Bunraku is centered on the presentation of the different heads. I n Kathakali, the way different make-up styles are combined defines characters. In both traditions, the purpose is similar: to reveal the characteristics and assign various stock roles to various styles of presentation. Instantly, a relation between the two traditions is established. Of course, there are differences in the details of each element. Nonetheless, in the two performance aspects investigated, the intentions in Bunraku and Kathakali are fundamentally alike. The significance of these relations is further elaborated when the third one is made, which is based on movement. Movement:   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Movement is the last element in Bunraku and Kathakali in discussion. Since none of the performers speak, movement is the medium through which they communicate the chanterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s message to the audience. The movement is the key aspect to the conveyance of the theme of the performance. In Bunraku, the puppeteers maneuver the puppet according to the chanter in order to keep up with the tempo of the performance. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Puppetsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?) In Kathakali, the movement is the prime source of communication to the audience through very intricate facial expressions and complicated hand movements.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   In Bunraku, the movements of the puppets are maneuvered by three puppeteers: the omo-zukai, hidari-zukai, and ashi-zukai. The omo-zukai is the head puppeteer. He controls the puppetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s head and right hand. The head is controlled by a stick wired with levers to control various facial parts such as the eyes, eyebrows, and mouth. The omo-zukai holds this lever with his left hand and operates the puppetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s right hand with his right hand. The hidari-zukai is the puppeteer that controls the puppetà ¢Ã ¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s left hand. He does so with his right hand. Most hand gestures made by puppets are performed by the left hand because its movement is specifically exercised by the hidari-zukai. Lastly, the least experienced puppeteer out of the three is usually the ashi-zukai, who controls both feet of the puppeteer with both his hands. These three puppeteers train for years to acquire a state of harmony in their movements. If the movements are not presented with a state of synchronization, the puppeteers fail to bring the puppet to life because the movements seem abnormal to the audience. The biggest challenge presented to puppeteers is the elemental requirement to empathize with the puppet. For example, at a particular point in a play, if the puppet is sad, the puppeteer must develop a state of sadness in order to perfect the movement assigned to him. If all three puppeteers empathize this way, harmony in movement is reached and the puppet is brought to life. (paragraph of reference s)   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Kathakali also incorporates a large degree of movement in its performances. Most of the performance is based on the movement of the character. The element of movement is so extensive that an entire language has been developed using the hands of the performer. This à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"languageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is based upon mudras. There are twenty-four basic mudras, or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"lettersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ that can be combined to form words and phrases. Along with mudras, there are nine basic facial expressions known as the nava rassas. These facial expressions depict the mood of the character. They represent a stylized form of everyday expressions. The movements conducted by the feet follow the beat of the orchestra. They help in the addition of technique to the rest of the movements. When combined, the make-up represents the personality of a character, the fac ial expressions represent the mood, and the dialogue is spoken through the mudras. All aspects of a character are covered through the make-up and movement, representing a very stylized way of conducting a dance-drama. (paragraph of references)   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   In both theatrical traditions, the movement is essential in bringing the production to life. In the case of Bunraku, this is done is by creating the perception of bringing the puppets to life. In Kathakali, this is done through a language based heavily on movement. The movement controls the dialogue in both cases. Thus, both traditions have a very similar use of movement. Conclusion:   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Bunraku Puppet Theater is a tradition that began as a combination of two traditions: storytelling and puppetry. Early Bun raku saw the rise of the Osaka Theater, founded by Takemoto Gidayu. After some highs and lows, Bunraku is still a popular form of theater in Japan. In another part of the world, Kathakali originated from a political brawl where the Raja of Kottarakkara created a dance-drama called Raamanaattam. This form of dance-drama, with some perfection, became modern-day Kathakali. There are many similarities, however, despite the differences in the cultural evolution of these traditions. One tradition evolved in the coastal region of modern-day Japan while the other evolved on the region surrounded by the southern tip of India. Regardless, both of these traditions rely on facial features to describe the characters involved in the drama. In Bunraku, it is the different painted heads. In Kathakali, it is the stylistic make-up. Also, both Bunraku and Kathakali contain specific additional performers. The stunning fact is that in both styles, the additional performers have similar duties. There is a recite/chanter and there is musical accompaniment. Lastly, the movement element in Bunraku and Kathakali is heavily relied upon to create harmony in Bunraku and convey messages in Kathakali. All these similarities are fascinating considering the differences amongst these two traditions. One must ponder how these similarities came into existence. Was it mere coincidence? Could Darwinà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s theory of evolution be implied here? These similarities could pave the way for further investigation into these two traditions and maybe, the world would be able to see a Bunraku play performed the Kathakali way or a Hindu text performed with Bunraku puppets. This research can lead to a whole new dimension of theatrical study. Bibliography The Chanter and the Shamisen Player. An Introduction to the World of Bunraku. Japan Arts Council, 2004. Web. 24 Mar. 2009. https://www2.ntj.jac.go.jp/unesco/bunraku/en/contents/creaters/tayu.html. Heads for Female Roles. An Introduction to the World of Bunraku. Japan Arts Council, 2004. Web. 17 July 2009. https://www2.ntj.jac.go.jp/unesco/bunraku/en/contents/dolls/female/index.html. Heads for Male Roles. An Introduction to the World of Bunraku. Japan Arts Council, 2004. Web. 17 July 2009. https://www2.ntj.jac.go.jp/unesco/bunraku/en/contents/dolls/male/index.html. The History of Bunraku-1. An Introduction to the World of Bunraku. Japan Arts Council, 2004. Web. 18 June 2009. https://www2.ntj.jac.go.jp/unesco/bunraku/en/contents/whats/history01.html. The International Centre for Kathakali. New Delhi: International Centre for Kathakali, n.d. Print. Johnson, Matthew. A Brief Introduction to the History of Bunraku. Sagecraft. 14 Aug. 1995. Web. 21 July 2010. https://www.sagecraft.com/puppetry/definitions/Bunraku.hist.html. Kathakali. The Art Forms of Kerala. Web. 17 July 2009. https://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/culture/artforms/kathakali/kathakali.html. Narayanan, Akavoor. Kathakali The Total T heatre Nonpareil. Kathakali Journal of The International Centre for Kathakali May 2009: 12+. Print. The Puppets. An Introduction to the World of Bunraku. Japan Arts Council, 2004. Web. 24 Mar. 2009. https://www2.ntj.jac.go.jp/unesco/bunraku/en/contents/creaters/operator.html. Rajan, Anjana. Kathakali. Art India. Web. 17 July 2009. https://www.artindia.net/kathakali.html. Unikrishan. Movement and Themes of Kathakali. Personal interview. 18 July 2009. What is Bunraku? An Introduction to the World of Bunraku. Japan Arts Council, 2004. Web. 24 Mar. 2009. https://www2.ntj.jac.go.jp/unesco/bunraku/en/contents/whats/index.html. Photograph Bibliography Heads for Female Roles. Photograph. Japan Arts Council. An Introduction to the World of Bunraku. Japan Arts Council. Web. 17 Jan. 2010. https://www2.ntj.jac.go.jp/unesco/bunraku/en/contents/dolls/female/index.html. Heads for Male Roles. Photograph. Japan Arts Council. An Introduction to the World of Bunraku. Japan Arts C ouncil. Web. 17 Jan. 2010. https://www2.ntj.jac.go.jp/unesco/bunraku/en/contents/dolls/male/index.html. Various Colourful Costumes Makeup in Kathakali. Photograph. Cochin Cultural Centre, Kochi. Cochin Cultural Centre. Cochin Cultural Centre. Web. 17 Jan. 2010. https://www.cochinculturalcentre.com/kathakali.php. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Bunraku and Kathakali theatrical traditions" essay for you Create order

Essay about Pride and Prejudice - 767 Words

Elizabeth and Juliet both reject their parents’ choice of husband. How are strong feeling presented by the writers in these extracts? In Act 3 Scene 5 strong feelings are portrayed through out the scene. One example of this is at the start of the scene Juliet shows strong feelings of grief towards Romeo’s departure. â€Å"Yet let me weep for such a feeling loss.† This shows that she misses Romeo although he has only just left. The word ‘loss’ gives off the impressing Juliet feels she will never see Romeo again and that he is no longer hers. Another point in the scene her mood changes and she becomes very upset and angry at the fact her parents expect her to marry Paris. Juliet takes her mothers line – â€Å"The County Paris, at Saint Peter’s†¦show more content†¦Her maturity is made clear directly after her wedding night when she partakes in her first sexual experience. Another point in Juliet’s maturation is when she is willing to break away from The Nurse after she says â€Å"I think it best you married the County.† This shows The Nurse is quite selfish and doesn’t care for Juliet’s feelings or that she is already married to Romeo. The phrase â€Å"I think† emphasizes the fact she only cares about her opinion. Having a nurse is a mark of childhood; by abandoning her nurse and showing full loyalty towards her Romeo, Juliet shows full maturity and responsibility. In Pride and Prejudice When Mr Collins proposes to Elizabeth she shows complete defiance as she refuses in favour of waiting for someone who she actually loves. She tells him that to accept his proposals ‘is absolutely impossible’ as her ‘feelings in every respect forbid it’. Clearly she is not afraid to go against what her mother wants and what is expected of her in society. Her harsh language and use of the word ‘forbid’ emphasises the force of her rejection. Much like Juliet, Elizabeth shows strong feelings of love/attraction to someone whom her parent(s) are not aware of. Another strong feeling is how Mrs Bennett is always feeling sorry for herself and her nerves and becomes very self-centred. She is very selfish in the sense she only cares about her future and not her daughter’s happiness. The quote â€Å"†¦ and all of the others equally married, I shallShow MoreRelated Essay on Prejudice and Pride in Pride and Prejudice1535 Words   |  7 PagesPrejudice and Pride in Pride and Prejudice      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In any literary work the title and introduction make at least some allusion to the important events of the novel. With Pride and Prejudice, Austen takes this convention to the extreme, designing all of the first and some of the second half of the novel after the title and the first sentence. The concepts of pride, prejudice, and universally acknowledged truth (51), as well as the interpretation of those concepts, are the central focus ofRead MorePride And Prejudice By Pride Essay990 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of Pride Pride is the feeling of satisfaction when someone achieve something, someone close to you achieves something, or something somebody owns or has is admired by others. Being proud of yourself or someone else is not always bad. However, some believe pride is negative and can change how a person thinks and feels about certain things. It can be taken either way depending on who, why, and when it is. Many people have written articles and have done research to determine whether itRead More The roles of pride and prejudice in Pride and Prejudice1404 Words   |  6 PagesBecoming an immediate success in the contemporary novel public in early nineteenth century, Pride and Prejudice has proved to be the most popular of Jane Austens novels and remains a classic masterpiece two centuries later. The title itself describes the underlying theme of the book. Pride and prejudice, intimately related in the novel, serve as challenges to the cherished love story of Darcy and Elizabeth. It is interesti ng to see how these two nice people were blinded before realizing that theyRead MorePride and Prejudice1472 Words   |  6 PagesElizabeth#8217;s Pride and Darcy#8217;s Prejudice? Jane Austen#8217;s Pride and Prejudice is a timeless social comedy which is both satirical and full of sentiment. The title refers to the personalities of the two main characters and cues the reader to Austen#8217;s broader thematic purpose: to satirize nineteenth century manners and morals, especially as they relate to courtship and manners. Although both characters contain both these traits, it is mainly Mr. Darcy who exemplifies #8216;pride#8217;Read More Pride and the Prejudice 1543 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The power of doing anything with quickness is always prized much by the possessor, and often without any attention to the imperfection of the performance.† (1) Said Mr Darcy. This is one of the worlds most popular novels, Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice has charmed readers since its publication of the story of the amusing Elizabeth Bennet and her relationship with the aristocrat Fitzwilliam Darcy. During this essay it will explore the construction of characters , in particular it will be ElizabethRead MorePride and Prejudice2105 Words   |  9 Pagesrelationship, although back then divorce was never thought of either, where as today it is not rare at all. In these marriages, money was the only consideration. Love was left out, with the thought that it would develop as the years went by. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen comments that marriage in her time is a financial contract, where love is strictly a matter of chance. This is clearly evident from the very first line of the novel. Charlotte Lucas states that happiness in marriage is entirelyRead MorePride and Prejudice1236 Words   |  5 PagesThe path to marriage initiates in the very first paragraph of Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice. This courtship novel begins with the premise that â€Å"a single man in possession of a fortune must be in want of a wife† (pg. 5) Throughout the competition for the single men, characters are naturally divided by the norms of their social standing. However, the use of social conventions and civility further divides them. The characters in need of the most moral reform remain unchanged, leaving a path forRead MorePride and Prejudice1906 Words   |  8 PagesPride and Prejudice tells a story of a young girl in the midst of a very materialistic society. Jane Austen uses the setting to dramatize the restraints women had to endure in society. As the novel develops, we see how women have to act in a way according to their gender, social class, and family lineage. Elizabeth Bennet’s sisters represent the proper societal lady while Lizzy is the rebel. Through her characters Austen shows how a women’s happiness came second to the comfort of wealth. As the plotRead MoreIrony in Pride and Prejudice995 Words   |  4 PagesIrony in Pride and Prejudice Irony forms the alma mater of Jane Austen’s novels. Likewise, â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† is steeped in irony of theme, situation, character, and narration. Austen uses it to establish the contrast between appearance and reality. As one examines â€Å"Pride and Prejudice†, one discovers the ironic significance of how pride leads to prejudice and prejudice invites pride. Importantly, the novel elucidates how both â€Å"Pride† and â€Å"Prejudice† have their corresponding virtues bound upRead More Essay on the Irony of Pride in Pride and Prejudice1262 Words   |  6 Pagesof Pride in Pride and Prejudice      Ã‚  Ã‚   Jane Austen uses the elements of both pride and prejudice to develop the satire in her novel. Austen presents pride as both a vice and a virtue. Austen first introduces pride as a vice of arrogance and prejudice, but as the characters in the novel develop so does the concept of pride. Towards the end of the novel pride becomes the vehicle for many of the noble actions taken by the main characters. Austen skillfully interweaves the two parts of pride, the

Salivary Amylase and Other Enzymes in Saliva

When food enters the mouth, it triggers the release of saliva. Saliva contains enzymes that perform important biological functions. Just like other enzymes in the body, the salivary enzymes help to catalyze, or speed up, the rate of chemical reactions in the body. This function is required to promote digestion and the acquisition of energy from food. Major Enzymes in Saliva Salivary amylase (also known as ptyalin) breaks down starches into smaller, simpler sugars. Salivary kallikrein helps produce a vasodilator to dilate blood vessels. Lingual lipase helps to break down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerides. Salivary Amylase Salivary amylase is the primary enzyme in saliva. Salivary amylase breaks down carbohydrates into smaller molecules, like sugars. Breaking down the large macromolecules into simpler components helps the body to digest starchy foods, like potatoes, rice, or pasta. During this process, larger carbohydrates, called amylopectin and amylose, are broken down into maltose. Maltose is a sugar that is composed of individual subunits of glucose, the human bodys key source of energy.   Salivary amylase also has a function in our dental health. It helps to prevent starches from accumulating on our teeth. In addition to salivary amylase, humans also produce pancreatic amylase, which further breaks down starches later in the digestive process. Salivary Kallikrein As a group, kallikreins are enzymes that take high molecular weight (HMW) compounds, like kininogen, and cleave them to smaller units. Salivary kallikrein breaks down kininogen into bradykinin, a vasodilator. Bradykinin helps to control blood pressure in the body. It causes blood vessels to dilate or expand and causes blood pressure to be lowered. Typically, only trace amounts of salivary kallikrein are found in saliva. Lingual Lipase Lingual lipase is an enzyme that breaks down triglycerides into glycerides and fatty acid components, thus catalyzing the digestion of lipids. The process begins in the mouth where it breaks down the triglycerides into diglycerides. Unlike salivary amylase, which functions best in non-acidic environments, lingual lipase can operate at lower pH values, so its action continues into the stomach. Lingual lipase helps infants digest the fats in their mothers milk. As we get older, the relative proportion of lingual lipase in saliva decreases as other parts of our digestive system help with fat digestion. Other Minor Salivary Enzymes Saliva contains other minor enzymes, like salivary acid phosphatase, which frees up attached phosphoryl groups from other molecules. Like amylase, it helps with the digestion process. Saliva also contains lysozymes. Lysozymes are enzymes that help to kill bacteria, viruses and other foreign agents in the body. These enzymes thus perform antimicrobial functions. Sources Becker, Andrea. â€Å"Names of the Enzymes in the Mouth Esophagus.† Sciencing.com, Sciencing, 10 Jan. 2019, sciencing.com/names-enzymes-mouth-esophagus-17242.html.Marie, Joanne. â€Å"What Are the Functions of Amylase, Protease and Lipase Digestive Enzymes.† Healthy Eating | SF Gate, 12 Dec. 2018, healthyeating.sfgate.com/functions-amylase-protease-lipase-digestive-enzymes-3325.html.

The Teaching Profession Is Not An Easy Job Essay - 1807 Words

The teaching profession is not an easy job, especially since it involves educating the young minds of the 21st-century learners. Nevertheless, based on my experience as a pre-service teacher, for the past two years, I can firmly argue that the teaching profession is rewarding, mainly because both educators and students are capable of learning from one another. For that reason, composing a literacy autobiography is fundamental; an autobiography enables future teachers to think critically, as well as travel back in time to when he or she became a literate person. In fact, it also allows future educators to develop his or her belief system. A system that revolves around what a teacher values, believes and knows about reading and learning how to read (Vacca et al., 2015). Today, being literate is pivotal—both in one’s personal and professional life. In fact, one’s daily life revolves around reading, writing, and verbal communication. Nonetheless, writing a literacy autobiography allows future educators to realize that they are, as well as will continue to construct personal, practical, and professional knowledge throughout his or her teaching career, this shows that teachers are well informed about the reading and learning to read process. Therefore, after reading, as well as analyzing the New Jersey Professional Standards for Teachers, I got the chance to realize that a literacy autobiography is an artifact that aligns with Standard Nine—Professional Learning. When I think ofShow MoreRelatedTeaching is not an easy profession neither an easy job to do. The following conditions are some of900 Words   |  4 PagesTeaching is not an easy profession neither an easy job to do. The following conditions are some of the cases that we faced as TP students in the school and how it was solved. The first case that we faced was fighting with classmates, two boys were joking with each other, it turned into a fight and the teacher immediately stopped the students and asked them to stand in the corner at the back of the class and then he talked with them after giving an activity to the other students. The second case wasRead MoreIn The Book, Careers In The Classroom By Sylvia Mei-Ling1328 Words   |  6 Pagesto decide to stay or leave the profession. Through my reading, I learned about the profession and why people choose it, I recognized many issues and situations I did not yet know occurred in the classroom and realized how this information will help me in my future career. I learned that there are a lot of stresses placed on educators. The author described that inner-city schools find themselves to be one of the hardest places for educators when it comes to teaching. This is because these schoolsRead MoreEssay on The Teaching Profession1654 Words   |  7 PagesThe Teaching Profession Becoming an educator, especially in recent years has been considered one of the most demanding yet rewarding professions in the work force today. Teaching, with its benefits and intellectual motives has risen to become one of the most sought after jobs in society. But even after taking such rewards into consideration, one might want to analyze how time consuming and emotionally draining teaching young people may turn out to be. Along with its rewards and demands, teachingRead MoreTenure, A Significant Reward Of The Teachers994 Words   |  4 PagesOf The Teachers According to data gathered by the National Center for Education Statistics in 2015, there are about 50.1 million public school students and 3.1 million teachers in the United States. When the number of teachers is not enough for teaching requirement. We have to improve our teachers’ quality as well as academic freedom. Before tenure, teachers could be fired by personal, religious, race, political reasons, or the teachers’ public speak-outs. In the early 19th century, the NationalRead More My Educational Goals and Philosophy Statement Essay721 Words   |  3 Pagessets people apart in the respect that it shows who want’s to be successful and make a difference and who doesn’t. In being a teacher hardwork comes with the job and it’s important that the teacher understands that before going into the profession. It requires a lot of time and patience when a student needs it most, which isn’t always a easy thing to do when the situation is turbulent. Hardwork is putting forth the maximum amount of effort needed to ensure that all students have the right to an equalRead MoreThe Teachers Of The World882 Words   |  4 Pagesand gain a broader knowledge of the world we live in. For many years, the teaching profession has been revered as a highly respected and widely sought after career, which provided instructors with a stable and supportive lifestyle. In recent years, the view of a teaching profession has changed in the eyes of prospective educators and this has left certain parts of the country scrambling to fill a wide array of teaching vacancies. These vacancies have had a severe impact on the qualifications andRead MoreThe English Language Drew Fascination From An Early Age1064 Words   |  5 Pages Therefore, fulfilling the main desire of having a job that is doing things I enjoy for a third of employed hours or more. Education has always been a pre-requisite. I get bored easy with employment that does have a reoccurring intellectual stimulation. I enjoy a job that constantly requires one to expand their knowledge and do independent research. The project and prerequisite research will be invaluable in preparing for a competitive job field. Research for this progression has been an ongoingRead MoreThe Teachers Of The World951 Words   |  4 Pagesand gain a broader knowledge of the world we live in. For many years, the teaching profession has been revered as a highly respected and widely sought after career, which provided instructors with a stable and supportive lifestyle. In recent years, the view of a teaching profession has changed in the eyes of prospective educators and this has left certain parts of the country scrambling to fill a wide array of teaching vacancies. These vacancies have had a severe impact on the qualifications andRead MoreHigh Amount Of Stress Specially The University Teachers1375 Words   |  6 PagesOnce believed to be a low-stressed profession, ‘teaching’ was the most pleasant occupation with less workloads and more flexibility. But today, studies reveal that the teachers undergo a high amount of stress specially the university teachers. Teaching is such a kind of unique pro fession in which the expectations of student’s guardians are very high regarding to the student’s educational progress, future carrier and about the establishment of the personalities of students along with education (WilsonRead MoreMax Webers Ideas on Characteristics of Professions: Profession of Teaching1598 Words   |  7 Pagesanything we can dream up. Although this is true, Max Weber would argue that there are certain characteristics that define a profession. In his eyes the only ideal professions are medicine, law and priesthood. There are eight main points Weber makes each of which I feel can be applied to teaching (Bennet Le Compte pg. 150). The first thing on Webers list is that a profession is self-employed and provides a service to the community (Bennet Le Compte pg. 150). One way to disagree with this statement

Women Among Roles, Power, And Rights Essay - 1574 Words

The Women Among Roles, Power, and Rights in Islam. Since the mention of women in an Islamic context brings the notion that women under the Islamic cover live an oppressive, unfair, and patriarchal lifestyle. Defending this situation, Amina Wadud in her book Qur an and Woman, Muslim progressives have since quite a while ago contended that it is not the religion but rather a patriarchal elucidation and usage of the Qur an that has kept women mistreated. Wadud sees that the sacred texts are not the problem-source for the oppression that women experiencing under Islam, she believes that who interpreting them and how they were interpreted are the sources of the problem. Her book challenges the false concepts held by many Muslims (concepts that do not reflect Quran and Islam) such as: men are superior to women, men are in charge of women, men are natural leaders, men rule the family and should get obedience from women, women should not leave the house unless it is necessary, woman s voice is taboo, etc. The author breaks down specific ve rses and key words that have been used to oppress and limit women, to show that their real meaning defies such oppression and limitation. Wadud indicates that the misogynist notion regarding Islam was created by the patriarchal and frequently unpleasant society toward ladies; individuals in intense positions, similar to say, male religious pioneers, would have each motivation to translate the Qur an similarly. AlongShow MoreRelated Democracy in America Essay1566 Words   |  7 PagesSince the middle ages, corporatism has taken a leading role in countries by involving different organizations into a group of people to develop cooperative associations on the basis of shared interests. In Europe, corporatism was the main objective of people in a country. For example, Lewis Mumford note that the basic society was based on classes and ranks and there was no guaranteeing demand through security and no power that did not recognize the legal obligations of a corporate profile (Mumford)Read MoreDomestic Violence : A Part Of Culture1498 Words   |  6 PagesTo this day, domestic violence is seen to be a part of culture in many countries. Some people view domestic violence as unjust and cruel, yet many see it as a form of power and control over another. Domestic violence plays a key role in different societies around the world as it is becoming a social norm. Domestic violence frequently begins when one partner feels the need to control the other. This feeling is sprouted from several factors such as jealousy, low self-esteem, and difficulties in regulatingRead MoreWomen Empowerment And Education : A Global Issue1548 Words   |  7 PagesWomen empowerment and education Women Empowerment is a global issue and discussion on women political right are at the fore front of many formal and informal campaigns worldwide. The concept of women empowerment was introduced at the international women conference at NAROIBI in 1985. Education is milestone of women empowerment because it enables them to responds to the challenges, to confront their traditional role and change their life. So that we can’t neglect the importance of education in referenceRead MoreEssay Democracy in America1301 Words   |  6 Pagesrecent democratic society began to spread among the Americans, the equality of gender, the role of women, and the family began to change into an individualistic culture. In the United States, democracy opens up new beliefs on equality among the role of gender. In Democracy in America, Alexis de Tocqueville argues on how Americans were able to see the roles of gender more equally important than the Europeans. The Americans recognize the roles of the women and men important in being part as a contributionRead MoreWomen s Rights And The Feminism Movement Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pagessociety where women were treated second to men there was clear outrage by women. In the early twentieth century men played the public role in society they worked, they made up the government, and they also got to own property and vote. Whereas women had the private role in society at this time, they were supposed to stay at home and clean, cook, and take care of the children. The women of this time were sick of being treated a step lower than men, which started the creation of women’s rights and the feminismRead MoreSociety Has A Big Impact On Women1741 Words   |  7 PagesSociety has had a big impact on women and how they are meant to be perceived. Society says a women must cook, clean, be thin, be pretty, be intelligent, must stay at home and take care of children while men go do the hard work. When society puts out these ideas then the y are enforced among women and if a girl does not meet all the requirements then you are frowned upon by others and are judged by others. The idea that men are superior to women is a myth; it is known that girls are smarter than boysRead MoreHow Do Women Affect The Workplace1100 Words   |  5 Pages Women In High Positions: Does It Harm The Organization Or Women As Individuals? YourFirstName YourLastName University title Women in high positions: Does it harm the organization or women as individuals? Introduction For a very long time, woman in most parts of the world if not all have always been treated as second to men. Almost every aspect of human lives has been controlled by men for centuries. In fact, there are countries where women do not have equal civic rights to men. In countriesRead MoreA Womans Role in Todays Society1381 Words   |  6 Pagesprobably ask rights if any women had and how did women live back then and if they had any power at all. It is these types of issues that this short essay will attempt to probe. Issues of Power and Sources As Tina Cooper puts it, it all depends on how you define power. Depending on the definition of power, it might surprise the modern observer that women before 1500 exercised much more power or influence than many sources have revealed in the past. If one defines or thinks of power as the abilityRead MoreEssay about Eating Disorders: A Feminist Issue1575 Words   |  7 Pagesperspectives about the cause of eating disorders in our culture. Power Control and obedience In her book Unbearable Weight, Susan Bordo (1993) makes the argument that the fear of womens fat is actually a fear of womens power. Thus, as women gain power in society, their bodies dwindle and suffer. She states that female hunger--for public power, for independence, for sexual gratification-- [must] be contained, and the public space that women be allowed to take up be circumscribed, limited... On theRead MoreThe Fight For Equality Among Genders1687 Words   |  7 PagesReyes INR4603.0W59 April 27, 2015 The equality among genders is a debate that has long been fought in the international realm. Although this is time where women and men are more close to being equal than they have ever been, there are still many areas in which equality falls short. Feminism is a theory based on the rising of women in order to be equal with men. It is a theory that best represents the need for equality among the sexes. Women are often seen in most societies as domestic maternal

Career Interests Profiler and Competencies free essay sample

After completing the career profiler and competencies career planning tool I now have a Better understanding of my strengths and weaknesses. By using these tools, I will be able to increase my ability to choose a career path and ensure my future success. Including these assessments in my future will allows me to apply them to my career plan, and have a Better understanding of my personal strengths. The career profiler and competencies career planning tool will help with my ability to research resources to gain more Knowledge, improving my theories, and strengthening my arguments. When it comes to using my Critical thinking skills it will help enhance and improve my social skills. By understanding my Competencies, this will help evaluate my arguments in different ways. This will help me Analyze the purpose of the argument and give me the ability to help someone who needs to spend a few extra minutes on the research for the argument. We will write a custom essay sample on Career Interests Profiler and Competencies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It will also help me understand and be able to help others when evaluating the argument. Also, help strategizing of how my side of the argument will be presented. Being prepared and ready is the key to any successful argument. By being organized someone can have all 2. Their information broke up into groups to help them decide what information is real and which information is not real. Enhancing my critical thinking skills and evaluating arguments will help to understand areas they may need help when assessing an argument. When evaluating arguments it’s always important to understand the purpose of the argument, recognizing the main claim, and assessing how it is expressed. Understanding the structure of the argument, and evaluating the reliability of evidence.

European Studies Essay Example For Students

European Studies Essay SUBJECT : EUROPEAN STUDIES A TITLE : Discuss the relative merits/demerits of an agricultural policy oriented to price reform rather than one based upon structural reorganisation GRADE : First Honour AUTHORs COMMENTS : I think its pretty okay. Email if anyine has any comments @ emailprotected TUTORS COMMENTS: Excellent essay! Indepth, critical analysis. Watch length!! The common market shall extend to agriculture and trade in agricultural products. Agricultural products means the products of the soil, of stock-farming and of fisheries and products of first-stage processing directly related to these products.The operation and development of the common market for agricultural products must be accompanied by the establishment of a common agricultural policy among the Member States (1) From the beginning of the European Union, EU policy has given emphasis to the agricultural sector. To this end, a Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) was established in 1963. (2) Provisions for this policy wer e made in the Treaty of Rome. The aims of this policy were to increase agricultural productivity, to ensure a fair standard of living for the agricultural community, to stabilise markets and to ensure reasonable prices for the consumer. (3) This is unusual in the context of the Treaty of Rome which provided for free trade and movement of resources. Agriculture was ill-adapted for this approach. Protection was given, not only by customs duties, but also by a variety of agricultural policies. This essay will discuss the merits and demerits of a the pre-1992 CAP with its emphasis on price reform, in comparison with the post-1992 CAP which was oriented to structural reform. It cannot be denied that there were merits of the pre-1992 price reform policy. There was a bountiful food supply with an increased variety and quantity of food. Farmers yields increased, particularly the large farmers. Producers were protected from the external market due to community preference and, therefore, dome stic agriculture could develop. There were also spin offs in food production. Although some of the policies created good returns for farmers, the demerits of said policies far outweighed any advantages they had. The core-periphery divide was widened, quantity became more important than quality and consumers had to pay higher prices. Agricultural practices caused damage to the environment and international trading relations were strained. Until 1993 the EU rarely supported farmers by paying them direct subsidies from the taxpayers. (4) Instead the 30 billion ECU (and often more) was spent in the buying up of surplus commodities at minimum official prices and was also used to pay subsidies to traders to sell surpluses on the lower-priced world markets. (5) During the 1960s the price system was devised. The first problem with price policies is that of fluctuating and differing exchange rates. Green Money was the first solution to be developed to counter the problem of differing exchang e rates. This, however, could be manipulated by politicians to achieve different price levels in the member states than those indicated by the common price level. The lowering of the green currency towards a depreciating average rate, raised farms price levels in the national currency. (6) This meant that while regular citizens suffered from the devaluation of the currency, farmers were protected from this trend. Also although the higher prices were an advantage for the farmer, they were a nuisance for consumers. Monetary Compensatory Amounts (MCAs) were used in the 1970s when devaluations by France and revaluations by Germany made Green Money redundant. MCAs operated as levies on the French exports and subsidies on French imports. The reverse was applied to Germany. (7) MCAs, while allowing Community trade to continue even though common pricing was never established, had more disadvantages than advantages. They allowed the real level of prices to vary from country to country. This led to the distortion of production as farmers in the countries which have strong currencies, were paid more than farmers in countries with a weak currency. MCAs are also expensive to operate. MCAs were replaced in 1979 by the European Currency Unit (ECU) as part of the European Monetary system (EMS) which had been introduced in 1978. (8) An agricultural ECU which was 14% more valuable than the ECU was introduced. Until 1993 and 1995, when adjustments were made to this, vast amounts of officials were needed every day to administer the agri-monetary system and the monetary amounts had to be changed weekly. (9) The original agricultural price policy in CAP had three main components. The first of these was the target price, which was the basis for establishing all other prices. It is meant to provide a satisfactory return for the farmer. Threshold prices are the minimum entry prices for imports (higher than EU prices for domestic products) and they also safeguard against the undercutti ng of target prices. An intervention price is used if the market prices fall. If surplus production occurs, the commodities are bought by intervention agencies. This maintains a minimum market price level. Variable import levies were used to bring imports up to the threshold price and export refunds were used to remove the difference between the common market price and world price. (10) Variable levies are one of the most effective protective trade policies used. They protect domestic price guarantees from being defeated by trade flows. They can sometimes generate revenues and funds for the central authority controlling the levies. They also can introduce price stability for internal markets. They have a number of disadvantages, however. The levy shrinks imports and losses to the consumer and efficiency are usually caused. Producer returns can fluctuate more wildly. They can also strain international relations as the variable levy transfers domestic demand instability onto the world market. An administrative mechanism must also be implemented to bridge the gap between the higher price guarantee and the lower international price, and this can be expensive to operate as it depends on fluctuating prices, inflation and supply/demand. (11) The first problem posed by this three-tiered agricultural policy system, is the decision as to which system of pricing should be used. A compromise must be achieved between the highest prices and the lowest prices. If the highest prices are used production would be pushed to unacceptable levels. When this policy was first introduced, it was effective in the atmosphere of the time and production levels rose. By 1968 however the first of the fundamental problems with this policy became apparent. If product prices are prevented from falling while supplies continue to increase in a competitive market place, costs will inevitably increase to meet prices and cut off the people and capital who want to become part of the industry. Price supports, therefore, increase the costs of production. The irony of this is that in order to deal with the effects of increased production costs, price supports must increase also. Although in a competitive unsupported market this process would mean lower prices for farmers and consumers, it would also mean hardship for the marginal farmer. Attempts to stop this by implementing market support policies are bound to fail however, because the forces of competition are pushed in a different direction they are not removed. The demand for, and the price of, land and equipment will increase as farmers profits increase. The end result is that farm costs and output prices increase in tandem. This marginalises the small farmer even more. Another effect of this market support policy is that production increases as industry becomes more productive. This leads to large amounts of surpluses and therefore more subsidies are needed for these to be sold on the market. It also becomes more difficult to sell these products on a market flooded with already large amounts of these commodities The costs of the policy feed on themselves in order to increase. Any attempt to lower prices and cut costs, puts us back where we started. This is the fundamental fault with price policies in the CAP. The need for continually updating machinery and equipment for increased productivity means that much of the money intended for farmers often flows into ancillary industries and into the owners of assets who are employed in agriculture. These policies also encourage increased competition between farmers, and the large farmer usually benefits at the expense of the small farmer. Therefore these policies exacerbate the inequalities in the farming sector. The rigidity of the uniform market price does not take the differences between various areas of the farming community into account. As well as this, if there was a difference in support for Less Favoured Areas (LFAs), then the question of who should pay would be an issue of some contention. Co-responsibility levies are also an integral part of CAPs price policies. The CAP had started its life with unlimited guarantees of support, regardless of the quantities produced. This led to a massive agricultural budget. Support price decreases were introduced and this narrowed the gap between the EC price and the world market prices. This helped to reduce the EC budget and the intervention storage costs of the agricultural budget. This route was not successful for milk, however, and co-responsibility levies were introduced in 1977. (12) These were, for the most part, a success because the smaller farmer was then protected from these the full damage created by price cuts. There were also gains to the budget. The advantageous effects of the levy were muted, however, by the tendency of the Council Of Ministers to raise support prices to offset the impact of levies. In 1982 the budget costs of CAP had jumped by 11% and the price policy was once again in crisis. Intervention stocks began to climb. Generous price rewards in 1981 and 1982 meant that production levels were high and world markets became saturated. (13) Quotas were introduced in 1984 to try and force production more in line with demand. The super-levy was introduced alongside these quotas. Quotas and super-levies mean that at a wholesale level, responsibility for the super-levy is determined by the over-quota production at dairy level. This means generally that those farms who stayed within the quota would be subsidising those who over-produce. Quotas, in general, restrict imports in a given period below the amount which normally would occur. The disadvantages of quotas outweigh their advantages however. They stint the domestic market of supplies. Internal prices rise and buyers curtail their purchases. Domestic producers expand their output, however, and a glut occurs on world markets which have depressed prices for affected commodities. Quotas, although i nsulating the domestic market from world price changes, can also amplify domestic price swings. Despite quota introduction, surpluses remained high and the cost of maintaining the dairy policy actually increased. The quota levels agreed in 1984 were far too large and were set from 1983 production figures which were already 17% above domestic consumption. Also, as these quotas were only introduced for the dairy sector, production and surpluses in other areas continued to grow unchecked. Penalties for over-production were never really implemented and were easily avoided by raising prices and adjusting MCA rates. (14) An arable Set Aside policy was introduced in 1988. Producers can receive payment per hectare on each hectare taken out of production. Every producer must make more than a minimum area reduction of 20% to qualify. (15) This was run on a voluntary basis and farmers received compensation for the land they didnt use. Small farmers were exempted from Set Aside. The programme r esulted in only a 9% reduction of EU arable area. Production also increased and intensified as farmers concentrated their resources on their remaining land. Due to the land being left fallow, the following years production rates were high as the land was therefore more fertile. More money than ever since the price cuts was now being spent on export subsidies. Relations between the EU and its global neighbours were strained by CAP. The dictates of the CAP have led to a series of trade problems. The use of border fluctuations on world markets has placed the Community in a difficult situation. The CAP protects internal producers from external competition to some extent. Also export subsidies ensure that the world market becomes flooded with cheap commodities which undermine other global commodities. Depressed world prices occur, interspersed by periods of high rises in prices. Variable levies were used to bring import prices to a level higher than that of EU products. The Uruguay Round of world General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) negotiations concluded by agreeing a 40% average reduction of tariffs. Domestic EU support must be reduced by 20% over six years based on total Aggregate Measure of Support (AMS). All import restrictions must be converted to tariffs and reduced by 36% over six years. The volume of subsidised exports must be reduced by 21% over six years. Budgetary expenditure on export subsidies must simultaneously be reduced by 36% over six years. (16) The absolute failure of the agricultural price policy of CAP forced the EU to implement fundamental reform. CAP was producing large amounts of surpluses and was failing to support the majority of EU landholders. Support was being concentrated on 20% of the farmers who were responsible for 80% of the output. Intensive farming practices were damaging the environment. Since farmers received a subsidy per tonne produced, they intensified their farming practices to increase their output and income. N ot only was this leading to surpluses and a massive EU budget, but also to the destruction of the environment. More fertilisers and pesticides were being used. There was an increase in the density of the livestock on the land. Enlargement of farms meant that the natural habitat was being destroyed and marshlands were being drained. Therefore in 1992 there was radical change from a price oriented policy to a structural policy. There was also a move from price support to direct income support. It was generally recognised that a number of structural changes were required. These included the diversion of land to other uses, the conservation and protection of the environment, the integration of structural change with regional economic development and the implementation of direct income aids. (17) This impetus for change began, however, in 1988 when the Council of Ministers approved a regulation 2052/88 which was to reform the operation of the Structural Funds as part of the European Agri cultural Guarantee and Guidance Fund (EAGGF). (18) This regulation marked an important shift in structural policy from the individual farmer, to the region and rural community. The regulation set out five objectives. Objective 1 status areas are those which lag seriously behind and need major development and structural adjustment. These have a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of less than 75% of the Community average. It was hoped to improve living and working conditions, to protect the environment and to improve processing and marketing of goods. (19) Objective 5b included areas that had a high share of agricultural employment and a low income level. (20) Objective 5a was a regrouping of measures which already existed in CAP i.e. funding for farm improvements, training and social assistance for farmers. (21) A number of reform and integration programmes were introduced. Partnership was seen as the way forward and evaluation of policy success became more important. The effectiveness of these schemes is questionable however. In 1992 the MacSharry reforms were introduced. This had three main aims i.e. early retirement for farmers and farm workers, the promotion of the use of land for forestry and to promote environmentally friendly agricultural methods. Farmers are permitted to retire at 55. They must then transfer their land to another farmer and will receive a pension from the EU. 50% of the cost of the pension is paid by the EU and 50% by the national government. (Although in Objective 1 areas the EU pays 75%.) (22) When land is not needed for agriculture or is of poor quality, an afforestation programme is implemented. Maintenance fees are paid. There is a maximum eligibility of 600 hectares and therefore the policy favours small enterprises. Again, the EU pays 50% of the cost or 75% in Objective 1 areas. (23) The environment is now also seen as an important problem to be tackled. There have been attempts to reduce pollution e.g. the Nitrates Objective which tri es to reduce the amount of nitrate pollution in EU waters. Extensification is encouraged to avoid the damage intensification and concentration have on the land. Long-term set-aside of 20 years has been proposed. Grants for the education and training of farmers in environmentally compatible farming have been implemented e.g. the Rural Environmental Protection Scheme (REPS) in Ireland. Organic farming is being promoted and a reduction in the amount of fertilisers and pesticides used is being encouraged. There has also been a general move towards trying to ensure that small farmers are not pushed off the land by larger farmers and discriminating agricultural policies. Diversification in rural economies is being encouraged. Integrated rural development programmes have also been implemented. Rural infrastructure has been improved. Attempts were made to improve research and development at a rural level. The EUs Structural Funds are clearly established as the key tenet of European level po licy initiatives. The Fund consists of four separate funds the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), the European Social Fund (ESF), the European Agricultural Guarantee and Guidance Fund (EAGGF) (although only Guidance is relevant to Structural Funds) and the Financial Instrument for Fisheries Guidance (FIFG). (24) The Structural Funds are aimed at reducing regional and social disparities in the EU. Between 1989 and 194 the funds were allocated 10,000 million ECU per annum. (25) The EAGGF supports the modernisation of holdings, the processing and marketing of products and agricultural development measures and the promotion of local produce. The FIFG is responsible for the fishing fleet, aquaculture and coastal waters, fishing port facilities and the marketing of fishery and aquaculture. The ERDF is responsible for investment in infrastructure, transport, tourism, communications, environmental improvements and productive capacity. It also promotes research and development and p rovides advice and assistance for Small and Medium Enterprise (SMEs). Finally the ESF is concerned with vocational training and counselling, giving aid to self-employed people to start up a business and education schemes in some priority areas. (26) The ERDFs responsibility lies with Objective 1,2 5b and 6 areas. It promotes the development of the Objective 1 regions who are lagging behind, helps to counteract industrial decline and helps reorganise those regions which have a low population density or whose population is leaving the rural area and migrating to urban centres. Its main objectives are to foster co-operation between the local actors of different regions with a view to the exchange of experiences through transferring knowledge and expertise and by working together. It hopes also to improve the capabilities and working methods of local and regional areas in disadvantaged regions, both economically and socially, so that the regions can meet the challenges of modern society . (27) The ESFs aim is to raise the general standard of living by rendering the employment of workers easier and increasing their geographical and occupational mobility. (28) It targets in particular the long-term unemployed, those in danger of losing their job, young people, women, handicapped people and the socially excluded. It is governed by Objectives 3 and 4 of the Structural Funds. The ESF also supports the development of SMEs, tourism and diversification in Objective 1, 2 and 5b areas. (29) The ESF improved employment opportunities by implementing vocational guidance and vocational training courses. It also helps in job creation and wage subsidy projects. Finally, it encourages and supports technological development and research. For the period 1994-1999 the ESF will receive 33.5% of Structural funding. (30) The Guidance section of the EAGGF is involved in all agricultural structural development in the EU. It invests in and aids the modernisation of farms. It supports extens ification, set aside and environmentally friendly farming practices. It also gives aid to young farmers and offers early retirement. Aid for mountainous regions, poor ecological areas and LFAs is given. It encourages the increased use of agricultural products and agricultural materials for industry. The Guidance section essentially covers grants, mostly contributing to the multi-annual operational programmesope rating under the Structural Fund Objectives 1, 2, 5a, 5b and6. It is responsible for the protection of environmentally sensitive areas (for example intensive valley and marsh grasslands, moorland and hill and mountain areas), encouraging the reduction or abandonment of fertilises and pesticides, and maintaining or improving the upkeep of countryside features such as hedges and walls. (31) Like the EAGGF, the FIFG provides sectoral assistance which covers the whole of the European Union, corresponding to Objective 5a. Actions under the FIFG promote structural measures in the f isheries sector. It grants money to modernise fleets and to develop fish farming. It offers protection to some marine areas. It gives aid to help improve facilities at fishing ports. It helps in the promotion of products and in the processing and marketing of fishery products. (32) A number of rural initiatives have been taken to improve the structure of agriculture and therefore solve the problems which had been plaguing European agriculture for decades. A bottom-up approach has been taken i.e. local and regional initiatives are supported in preference to nationalinitiatives. According to the Cork Declaration issued 9th November 1996:-a rural development policy must be multi-disciplinary in concept, and multi-sectoral in application, with a clear territorial dimensionit must be based on an integrated approach, encompassing within the same legal and policy framework : agricultural adjustment and development, economic diversification notably small and medium scale industries and rur al services the management of natural resources, the enhancement of environmental functions, and the promotion of culture, tourism and recreation. (33) A bottom-up approach is used with each interested party submitting a proposal to the EU concerning the improvements that they would like to make. There are Single Programming Documents (SPDs) for each eligible area. These identify certain strengths and weaknesses in an area. All proposals submitted must be based on a particular Priority and Measure. If possible it should also complement other priorities and measures contained in the SPD. (34) The EU will make its decision based on the proposal and its relation to the SPDs for the area. An example of such a rural development initiative is the LEADER programme. This was an EU initiative which was to assist communities develop their own areas. It was a multi-sectoral and integrated project. Its aim was to find new and innovative solutions which would help the development of rural areas and increase rural integration. LEADER 1 covered 61% of EU land area and 30% of its population. (35) These were mainly rural areas with a high dependence on agriculture or problems with a decreasing population. Tourism and SMEs were targeted. Accommodation like BBs and self-catering hostels were established. This brought tourism and money into the region and boosted the local economy as well as providing employment. Small enterprises, particularly those which specialised in crafts, were given aid. For example metalwork, textiles, leather, timber and furniture. Grants were given also to modernise farms and to help farmers farm more environmentally. The profile of the recipients who accepted the aid were farmers with above average farm sizes, who were young and well-educated and had access to information and capital. (36) Almost 1,500 jobs were created. (37) Community involvement in rural areas improved immensely and a sense of local ownership was fostered. It also created an impetus towards voluntary activities and encouraged co-operation between existing statutory agencies and private agencies who had worked together under the LEADER programme. An example of one of these LEADER programmes was the West Cork LEADER. This was established in 1991 with the objective of developing the local rural economy. (38) A plan was drawn up through initiatives in key sectors like agriculture, tourism, food, crafts and fisheries. Partnership was a key element of the programme. An integrated approach was taken. To date, there have been 125 projects in this area. For example, there has been a development in Castletownbare in co-operative fishing along with the creation and addition of jobs in the processing of fish products. Diversification was promoted by the development of a herb farm in west Cork. A new heritage centre was created in Bandon and a weir project was also begun there to help generate electricity for a local residential area. (39) In the UK the EAGGF has given a t otal of around 145 million (excluding allocations in Objective 1 regions and under the Community Initiatives) under Objective 5a for the period 1994-99. (40) Most measures are aimed at improving competitiveness and employment, while there are also measures providing for environmental considerations and for balanced land use and employment in LFAs. The UK decided on using 63% of the funding to implement measures concerning processing and marketing. 32% has been dedicated to developing mountainous LFAs. 5% has been allocated to investments on holdings. 0.3% will be given as support for young farmers and producer groups will receive 0.1%. (41) A total of around 45 million (excluding allocations in Objective 1 regions) has been allocated to the UK by the FIFG for the period 1994-99. (42) The UKs Objective 5a SPD for fisheries concentrates on adjusting fishing effort, modernising and improving the safety of vessels, adjusting the processing industry, and developing ports. A measure for t aking vessels out of service is underway for 1993-98. 7% of the fleet has currently been taken out of service and it is estimated that by the end of 1998 around 12% will have been withdrawn. (43) Can we therefore say that the post-1992 structurally oriented agricultural policy is more successful than the pre-1992 price-oriented one? There are several criticisms which can be levied against them. Objective regions came to rely heavily on the funding, and in some cases like Ireland, the increased funds represented a substantial augmentation of gross national income. Significant funding-level problems can be seen in examining the Social Funds operation, however. While its allocation increased from 2% of 1977 expenditure, to an estimated 8% between 1994 and 1999, this is clearly insufficient to withstand the tide of unemployment in the Community. (44) The Social Funds allocation of resources is not high enough to allow the authorities to tackle the underlying causes of unemployment. The Social Fund has been targeted at training and education and limited job creation, but fails to address the rigidities and barriers in wage markets and labour mobility. The funds sheer lack of financial clout has meant that it has failed to redress the fact that there are currently 20 million people unemployed in the EU, with 10 million of these classed as long-term unemployed. An even more scathing criticism of the lack of funding provided is that, of the several targeted Objective 3 and 4 areas which target youth and long-term unemployment, by 1993, only two had seen employment growth substantially above the EU average. (45) A further criticism is the fact that although ten thousand million ECU were allocated to the funds yearly from 1989 to 1993, and monitoring agencies were established to ensure the effective implementation of the Funds, reforms have been severely limited by the actual funding level. By 1992, only 3% of the EUs Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was going into the Fund s. The benefits of the new funding system have, however been crucial to several regions. Increased industrial activity, improved infrastructure, better farm structures and training of unemployed labour have all boosted regional economies around Europe. One final drawback of the Structural Funds is the notion that the Funds are swimming against the tide of other EU policies, and thus doomed to failure. The Guarantee section of the CAP tends to concentrate farming activity in the areas of efficient, wealthy farms, clearly against the dispersion aspiration of the Structural Funds. Given the huge commitment of funds to the Guarantee section of the CAP, the Structural Funds have clearly an uphill task to dislodge the concentration tendencies. A cursory glance at the raw data proves that the Structural Funds have not combated the problems they were created to tackle to a significant level. Twenty million people are still unemployed in the EU, and in 1990, GDP per capita in Ireland, Greece and Portugal was still 50-60% of the EU average. (Although these figures have since risen e.g. Ireland stands at 104% of the EU average). (46) While it is true that many worthwhile and indeed vital projects have been developed by the Structural Funds, the overall impact on the EU has been mitigated by a combination of planning, implementation and lack of funding difficulties. The Structural Funds were designed to reduce the tendencies towards divergence in the EU, but these largely remain, and unless an improved financial and developmental base is established, the Structural Funds will continually fail to address their targets. It cannot be denied, however, that they have had favourable effects. In the short period in which they have been in operation, (Structural Funds did not become important until 1989 and the subsequent MacSharry reforms), the Funds have been responsible for improving rural co-operation and development. Farmers are slowly becoming more environmentally aware and using environmentally-friendly practices. There has been a turnaround in internal migration patterns with the long-standing rural exodus being replaced by what has been referred to as an urban exodus. There is increasing migration from urban centres to rural areas. This is partly due to improved conditions, services and infrastructure in rural areas. These developments and improvements have been facilitated by the Structural Funds. There has been a dramatic rise in the number in the number of commuters and an enlargement of commuting catchments. (47) There has been an increase in the number of people who choose to retire in the countryside. More importantly there has been an increased flow of working-class return-migrants. (48) That the increase in urban to rural migrations was accompanied by a parallel decline in the opposite flow, was mainly due to changing demographic factors. Traditionally the rural exodus was basically fed by small farmers and their families but now, with impr oving rural conditions for smaller farmers, this trend is slacking off. There has also been a rise in the average rural incomes. (49) In conclusion, this essay maintains that price policies have a wider range of destructive demerits than they have merits. It can be seen from EU agricultural policy that the way forward is seen to be through structural reorganisation. There has been a shift from a pure agricultural policy, however, to a rural policy whose two main characteristics are to help maintain a pleasant and attractive environment through adequate aids to farmers and the adoption of a bottom-up approach which will integrate rural communities. The new structurally oriented agricultural policy costs less money to operate than the former price-oriented policy and has so far been more successful. More time is required however in order to determine whether the policy is truly successful. FOOTNOTES REFERENCES (1) Various Inputs, Internet, (Telecom Eireann, 1998) Treaty of Rome (as a mended):Agriculture (2) Josling, T.E. Langworthy, Mark Pearson, Scott, Options for Farm Policy in the European Community (Trade Policy Research Centre, 1981) page 2 (3) Various Inputs, op cit. Treaty of Rome (as amended) : Agriculture (4)Gardner, Brian, European Agriculture : Policies, Production and Trade (Routledge, London, 1996) page 30 (5) Ibid., page 31 (6) Gardner, Brian, op cit., (1996) page 47 (7) Marsh, John S. Swanney, Pamela J., Agriculture and the European Community (George Allen Unwin Ltd., 1980) page 31 (8) Ibid. (9) Gardner, Brian, op cit. (1996) page 49 (10) Grant, Wyn, The Common Agricultural Policy (Macmillan Press Ltd., 1997)page 67 (11) Houck, James P., Elements of Agricultural Trade Policies (Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986) page 62 (12) Moyer, Josling, Agricultural Policy Reform (Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990) page 60 (13) Ibid., page 62 (14) Gardner, Brian, op cit. (1996) page 54 (15) Burger, Kess De Groot, Martin Post, Jaap Zachariasse, Vinus, Agricult ural Economics and Policy : International Challenges for the Nineties(Elsevier Science Publishers B.V, 1991) page 64 (16) Various Inputs, op cit. (1998) GATT (17) Burger, Kess De Groot, Martin Post, Jaap Zachariasse, Vinus, op cit. (1991) page 105 (18) Ibid. (19) Various Inputs, op cit. (1998) Agriculture : Regional Policy and Cohesion (20) Ibid. (21) Ibid. (22) Ibid. (23) Ibid. (24) Ibid., Structural Funds (25) Ibid. (26) Ibid. (27) Ibid., ERDF : Aims (28) Ibid., ESF (29) Ibid. (30)Ibid. (31) Ibid., EAGGF : Aims (32) Ibid., FIFG : Objectives (33) Ibid., Cork Declaration (34) Ibid., Structural Funds (35) Ibid., LEADER Programme (36) Ibid. (37) Ibid. (38) Ibid., LEADER Programme : Case Study (39) Ibid. (40) Ibid., EAGGF : Case Study (41) Ibid. (42) Ibid. (43) Ibid. (44) Ibid., Structural Funds (45) Ibid. (46) Ibid. (47) Ibid., Cork Declaration (48) Ibid. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bowler, Ian, Government and Agriculture : A Spatial Perspective (Longman Group Ltd., 1979) Burger, Kess De Groot, Martin Post, Jaap Zachariasse, Vinus, Agricultural Economics and Policy : International Challenges for the Nineties(Elsevier Science Publishers B.V, 1991) Gardner, Brian, European Agriculture : Policies, Production and Trade (Routledge, London, 1996) Grant, Wyn, The Common Agricultural Policy (Macmillan Press Ltd., 1997) Houck, James P., Elements of Agricultural Trade Policies (Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986) Josling, T.E. Langworthy, Mark Pearson, Scott, Options for Farm Policy in the European Community (Trade Policy Research Centre, 1981) Marsh, John S. 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